The History of the Creation of Museums in Uzbekistan Based on

Agricultural and Industrial Exhibitions

Jasurbek Zokirjonovich Akhmedov

, Shakhnoza Alisherovna Kasimova

Nargiza Sa’dullayevna Khasanova

and Kayumov Sukhrob Sobirovich

The National Institute of Fine Arts and Design, Tashkent, Uzbekistan

Keywords: Museum, Exhibits, Numismatics, Ceramics, Metal Objects, Statues, Works of Jewelry, Fine Arts, Exhibition,

Tourism, Archeology, Statistics.

Abstract: This article is devoted to the history of museums in the Fergana Valley. In particular, the activities of the State

Museum of History and Culture of the Ferghana region, the State Museum of History and Culture of the

Namangan region, the State Museum of History and Culture of the Andijan Region, the Kokand State

Museum-Reserve were investigated. The modern activity of the museums of the Ferghana Valley, expositions

and exhibits of funds, and rare monuments of antiquity are characterized. Archaeological research and finds

from the construction period of the Great Ferghana Canal attract attention. Based on reliable sources, tourist

routes organized by museums, the participation of museums in international exhibitions, as well as the role of

museums in popularizing national culture and history are highlighted.

1 INTRODUCTION

It is difficult to overestimate the role of museums in

the effective preservation and protection of

monuments of material culture, their collection,

scientific and theoretical study and popularization.

During the years of independence, a number of

decrees, laws and resolutions on museology have

been adopted in Uzbekistan. These documents reflect

the procedure for further improvement of the system

of museums in Uzbekistan. In particular, the main

tasks are to provide museums with highly qualified

specialists, strengthen the material and technical base,

create the necessary conditions for applying the world

experience in museology, and effectively organize the

work of museums. There are many spiritual and

educational places in the Fergana Valley, where

unique exhibits are stored, relating to almost all

periods, including the State Museum of History and

Culture of the Ferghana Region, the State Museum of

History and Culture of the Namangan Region, the

State Museum of History and Culture of the Andijan

Region, the Kokand state museum-reserve.

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1770-2602

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1191-7071

https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6043-1476

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0283-5867

2 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

The first museum in Fergana was created based on the

first agricultural and industrial exhibition, held from

October 16 to November 17, 1894, in New Margilan.

On July 4, 1897, the Regulations on the museum were

approved. During this period, the museum's

collection consisted of 1200 items and books. For two

years the museum fund has increased by 2223

exhibits. On May 26, 1899, a solemn opening

ceremony of the Ferghana Regional Folk Museum

took place. By 1928, the museum fund kept 108

archaeological finds. Many items found as a result of

archaeological expeditions during the construction of

the Great Fergana Canal in 1939-1940 were

transferred to the museum. In 1950-1952 The

museum's fund was replenished with exhibits found

at the cemetery of Borkorboz, shakhristan of Kuva,

and on the territory of the archaeological site of

Mugposhsho. Since 1953, the museum staff,

archaeologists N.G. Gorbunov and B.Z. Hamburg

actively participated in the excavations of ancient

monuments in the valley and four years increased the

1306

Akhmedov, J., Kasimova, S., Khasanova, N. and Sobirovich, K.

The History of the Creation of Museums in Uzbekistan Based on Agricultural and Industrial Exhibitions.

DOI: 10.5220/0012965600003882

Paper published under CC license (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0)

In Proceedings of the 2nd Pamir Transboundary Conference for Sustainable Societies (PAMIR-2 2023), pages 1306-1311

ISBN: 978-989-758-723-8

museum's collection by 2.5 thousand items. Half a

century later, according to a 2010 report, it was noted

that the archaeological collection of the museum

alone exceeded 11,000 exhibits.

The first exhibits of the Numismatics Department

of the Museum of Local Lore were copper coins of

the Kokand Khanate handed over by local residents.

Initially, the collection had over 200 coins. In 1928,

the Ferghana Regional Museum of Local Lore

received from the Central Asian Museum in Tashkent

copper and silver coins of the Romanov dynasty and

silver coins of the time of Ivan IV. Since this year, the

numismatics fund has become an independent

department. Museum staff participated in the

construction of the Great Fergana Canal and

replenished the department with found coins, and

archaeological excavations conducted by N.G.

Gorbunova and B.Z. Hamburg in 1951-1958, further

enriched the collection with coins of the “Turgesh”

type, found on the site of ancient monuments. During

the years of independence, the museum’s

numismatics department was replenished with gold,

silver, bronze and copper coins of the Seleucids,

Kushans, Byzantines, the Turkic Khaganate,

Bukharkhudat dirhams, coins of the Abbasids,

Samanids, Karakhanids, Timurids, coins minted

under the rulers of the Bukhara Emirate and the

Kokand Khanate. This fund also includes a collection

of unique coins that have been in circulation since the

18th century, to the present day. The total number of

the collection is more than 8 thousand.

During the study, it was revealed that the

collection of manuscripts and documents, which

began with only two documents about land, now has

more than 11,000 thousand exhibits. It can be noted

that the collection of manuscripts and documents

consists of handwritten and lithographic works,

letters of the Kokand khans, documents of the Qazis

on land and water issues, books published during the

Russian Empire, statistical reports, a collection of

information about the Fergana region of the late 19th

- early 20th centuries., literature of a scientific and

applied nature about the rich history, nature and

minerals of the valley, maps, as well as various

documents related to the socio-economic and cultural

history of the region.

Statistical reviews of the Fergana region during

the period of tsarist Russia are also of great

importance. A priceless exhibit of the collection is a

507-page book of the Holy Quran, brought from the

palace library of Khudoyarkhan, skillfully rewritten

in Kufic script by an unknown calligrapher on the

local paper. In addition, the works of such researchers

as V.P. Nalivkin, V.I. Kushelevsky, A.P. Fedchenko,

I.V. Mushketov, and M.A. Middendorf, about the

history and nature of the Fergana Valley, are kept as

unique sources.

As you know, the main source in the study of

material culture is ceramic products. Since these

exhibits made up the bulk of the archaeological

collection, a special department of ceramics and

porcelain was created in the museum. It stores more

than 4 thousand products made from these materials.

The collection of wooden objects includes more

than 1500 exhibits. The Department of Metal

Products has been functioning since 1938. Today, this

collection contains about 3,000 metal products. The

collection of fabric products was first exhibited in

1896. As an independent department, it has existed

since 1922. Now the museum has about 2,000

exhibits of rare clothing and fabrics of the peoples of

Central Asia, in particular the Fergana Valley, which

have historical significance. The collection is based

on national and traditional costumes of the 19th

century. The museum stores more than 100 samples

of Ferghana, Margilan, Kokand, Andijan, Chust, and

Namangan skullcaps. The collection includes more

than 50 types of fabrics - satin, adras, alacha, banoras,

snipe, and silk. More than 200 embroidery patterns

have been collected in the museum's storerooms.

There are more than 500 exhibits in the museum's

jewelry collection section. The weapons collection

contains more than 150 types of weapons. Since

1938, an art fund has been created in the museum.

Today, the museum's collection contains more than

2,000 works of fine art and sculpture, more than 50

tapestries.

In 1998, the museum fund was replenished with

1120 exhibits made of bronze and iron, as well as

ceramic products of the 10th-11th centuries, found

during excavations of the Kuva shakhristan.

The State Museum of History and Culture of the

Ferghana Region was established on the basis of the

Ferghana Regional Museum of Local Lore on the

basis of the Resolution of the Cabinet of Ministers of

the Republic of Uzbekistan No. 975 dated December

11, 2017.

The first museum in Namangan was organized on

the initiative of Vladimir Ivanov, a physics teacher at

secondary school No. 1. In 1919, in his appeal to the

Nazirat of Public Education of the Turkestan

Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic, he proposed

to collect all the equipment for studying physics in all

schools in Namangan and create a single physics

cabinet. This proposal was accepted by the Nazirat.

The physics cabinet, which received the status of the

first museum, worked on full self-support and fully

provided for itself. Initially, it was the Namangan

The History of the Creation of Museums in Uzbekistan Based on Agricultural and Industrial Exhibitions

1307

City Museum of Local Lore, since 1934 - an inter-

district museum and since 1938 - the Museum of

Local Lore of Namangan Region.

Since the 1930s, the museum staff has focused on

collecting natural artifacts. The material was

collected on such topics as "Geographical structure of

the region", "Population", "Soil", "Climate", "Water

sources", "Mountains".

From 1920 to 1930, the Namangan Museum of

Local Lore regularly replenished its collections. A

five-year plan was developed for the development of

the museum. Departments of zoology, agriculture,

cotton growing, sericulture, agronomy, revolution,

historical archeology, handicraft, art gallery,

sculpture, and engraving samples were formed.

In the early years, the museum had about 1000

exhibits, and the number of visitors was 3205 people.

By 1930, the number of exhibits had reached 3,000,

visitors - 20,000 people, and by 1934 this figure had

grown to 36,770 people. Although the museum work

was well organized, in 1935 the number of visitors

dropped sharply - to 16,075 people. This was due to

the closing and sending to Tashkent of the department

of zoology, along with all the living "exhibits". In

1940, the number of museum exhibits grew to 10,000,

and the number of visitors was 23,000 people.

The fund of the Namangan Regional Museum was

also expanded due to the acquired exhibits. Several

works came from the Tretyakov Gallery and the

Hermitage. In addition, to replenish the funds, the

museum staff organized expeditions in various

directions, covering the Ferghana Valley. Thus, the

museum's funds were enriched with exhibits on

ethnography, natural science, ethnology, and

archeology.

In 1950-1960. our researchers studied ancient

settlements in the Chust, Kuvasay, Chartak, Chodak,

Akhsikent regions. In 1960, museum staff gave 37

lectures to the public on various historical and

educational topics, and in 1961 - 52 lectures. In 1961,

the Directorate of Art Exhibitions of Uzbekistan

donated 50 works of fine art to the Namangan

Museum of Local Lore. As a result of the expedition,

organized to develop agriculture in the Namangan

region, in 1961-1964. 1350 exhibits were collected.

In 1960, the museum fund was replenished with

1657 new exhibits, of which 1015 were exhibited in

the Department of nature, 215 - in the History

Department, and 427 - in the Department of the

period of recent years. In the same year, the number

of visitors was 20,938. In 1961, the museum staff

collected 1405 exhibits. Of these, 324 items belonged

to the Department of nature, 328 - to the Department

of History, and 753 - to the Department of the period

of recent years. The number of visitors grew to 22,846

people, 9247 people took part in 555 excursions. In

1965-1967. 2291 exhibits entered the museum fund.

In 1967, the number of visitors to the museum was

72,540 people. In 1973, the museum fund increased

by 200 exhibits, in 1974 the total number of exhibits

reached 24,812.

Changes in the activities of museums in the 1930s

demanded the training of qualified personnel,

especially museologists. At the First Congress of

Museologists, held in Moscow on December 1, 1930,

special attention was paid to this issue. In 1957, the

museum prepared a new guide called “A Brief Guide

to the Halls”. In 1988 the museum moved to a

specially constructed building.

By the 2000s the number of museum exhibits

exceeded 61,000, in 2002 it was 62,771, and in 2004

- 63,118 copies. Today, the number of exhibits

exceeds 70,000, of which 3,000 are unique

historically valuable specimens.

On May 18, 2007, the museum hosted an

international conference on the topic “Strategy for the

renewal of museums in Uzbekistan: prospects for the

storage and exhibition of funds”. The museum

annually participates in festivals of the national scale

and wins prizes. At the festival dedicated to the

2700th anniversary of the city of Karshi, in 2006,

employees of the regional museum became winners

in the nominations for “The Best Director-

Entrepreneur”, and “The Best Guide”, in 2007 at the

festival in honor of 2000- the anniversary of the city

of Margilan - in the nomination "The owner of the

most unique exhibit on the history of Uzbekistan",

and in 2008 at the festival dedicated to the 2200th

anniversary of Tashkent, the museum was declared

the winner in the nomination "Experienced guide".

The State Museum of History and Culture of the

Namangan Region was reorganized based on the

Museum of Local Lore of the Namangan Region by

the Decree of the Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic

of Uzbekistan No. 975 dated December 11, 2017.

Another major museum is the State Museum of

History and Culture of the Andijan region, which is

rightfully considered one of the leading cultural and

educational institutions in the country. It was

organized in 1934 on the basis of an agricultural

exhibition. In 1937, the museum had 760 exhibits. A

year later, the total number of exhibits was 1046, a

year later - 1649, and by 1940 this number had grown

to 1753. 450 exhibits were presented in the exhibition

halls. The Andijan Regional Museum of Local Lore

began to form complexes of archaeological,

ethnographic, and natural exhibits collected in 1935-

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1941, during scientific trips and expeditions around

the region and the Ferghana Valley.

The number of visitors in 1938 was 3652 people,

in 1939 - 7945 people, in 1940 - 8818 people. In 1960

the museum was visited by 6382 people.

In 1960-1961. The museum organized

archaeological expeditions, which were carried out

jointly with the Institute of Material Culture of the

USSR Academy of Sciences. One of them, under the

leadership of T.G. Obolduyeva, went to shahristan

Eylotan in the Izboskan region, the second, under the

leadership of Yu.A. Zadneprovsky, went to the ruins

of the city of Dalvarzin in the Dzhalakuduk region. In

1965, the number of museum exhibits reached 16,916

in 1965-1967. Museum employees collected 2,729

exhibits, in 1974 their number was 24,103, and in

1979 - 26,669. Museum researchers, together with

scientists, took an active part in expeditions to

regularly replenish funds.

The current museum building was built in 1982 as

the first specialized museum in the Ferghana Valley

and has all the necessary characteristics. Its

storerooms contain more than 68 thousand priceless

archaeological finds, artifacts, numismatic and

ethnographic exhibits, as well as unique archival

information, manuscripts, historical documents, and

photographs reflecting important stages in the history

of the Uzbek people.

It should be noted that the exposition "History of

Ancient Andijan", covering the period from the Stone

Age to the end of the 19th century, was prepared on

the basis of the latest research and achievements in

the years of independence. The exhibits found in the

territories of Dalvarzin, Mingtepa, Gayrattepa,

Chordon, Lumbitepa, and other archaeological sites

are of great interest to the audience. These exhibits

play an important role in determining the age of the

Andijan region. The fund of the department of

archeology was replenished mainly due to materials

obtained as a result of excavations and study of the

site of an ancient man in the Fergana Valley,

settlements of the Bronze Age in Dalvarzin and

Zarguldoktepa, as well as rare antiquities found by an

expedition led by the famous archaeologist B.

Matboboev in Markhamat, Kurgantepa and Ulugnor

regions.

The exposition "Animals and Plants", opened in

1992, presents information about the scientists who

studied this area, the geological past of the valley,

water resources, as well as exhibits dedicated to work

in cotton growing, livestock breeding, silk spinning,

horticulture, and other industries. Today there is a

growing need for educational lectures in museums. In

this regard, the Andijan Regional Museum occupies a

leading position in the republic, its staff gave lectures

on 699 topics.

In this museum, which now houses more than 110

thousand exhibits, in 2019 the number of visitors

exceeded 70,000, of which more than 250 people

were foreign tourists.

Museum workers take an active part in joint

expeditions. Thus, the museum organized the

exhibition “Pearls of the Ancient Land”, dedicated to

the results of scientific research of the archaeological

site “Kushtepa”. The museum organizes international

cooperation, in particular, establishes contacts with

the National Historical and Archaeological Museum

of the Kyrgyz Republic "Suleiman-too", the

Orenburg Museum of Local History of the Russian

Federation, the People's Museum of the Republic of

Hungary, the National Museum of the Republic of

Kazakhstan and the northwestern universities of the

Xi'an Republic of China.

The State Museum of History and Culture of the

Andijan Region was reorganized based on the

Andijan Regional Museum of Local Lore and the

Museum of Literature and Art of the Andijan Region

by the Decree of the Cabinet of Ministers of the

Republic of Uzbekistan No. 975 dated December 11,

2017.

One of the significant museums of the Ferghana

Valley is the Kokand State Museum-Reserve. It was

organized in 1924 in Urda Khudoyarkhan on the basis

of the Exhibition of Achievements of Agriculture and

Industry of the Ferghana Region. Until 1929 it was

called the Okrug Museum, since 1929 - the

Interdistrict Museum, since 1959 - the Kokand City

Museum of Local Lore. Museum funds have been

replenished over the years. If before 1937 they had

1,040 exhibits, now there are more than 40,000 of

them, and most of them are on display in the

exhibition halls.

During his visit to Kokand in 2011, the first

President of the Republic of Uzbekistan, Islam

Karimov, got acquainted with the museum and gave

instructions on how to improve its activities. The

Republican Fund "Uzbekmuseum" and the museum's

specialists developed a new scientific concept for the

Kokand Museum of Local Lore and updated the

exposition. The museum has sections of archeology,

numismatics, calligraphy and book art, military

weapons and armor, ethnography, fine and applied

arts.

Today, the Kokand Museum works effectively on

the basis of new excursion programs designed for

everyone, especially for foreign tourists. In particular,

excursion routes “Kokand in the years of

independence”, “Along Khudoyarkhan’s Urda”,

The History of the Creation of Museums in Uzbekistan Based on Agricultural and Industrial Exhibitions

1309

“Kokand handicraft: Yesterday and Today”, and

“Across the places of national architectural

monuments of Kokand” were organized.

As it turned out in the course of the study, the

interest of local and foreign tourists in Kokand is

growing from year to year. For example, if in 2006

the city was visited by 1200 foreign tourists, by 2014

their number reached 5257 people. The role of

marketing in informing the public about events,

exhibitions and other projects organized by museums

is invaluable today. The Kokand Museum began to

study various types of advertising, in particular:

- booklets “Urda Khudoyarkhan”, “Kokand”,

“Coins of Kokand”, invitation letters and badges with

the image of Urda Khudoyarkhan published by the

museum are distributed;

- the museum with its antiquities and advertising

booklets takes part in the annual International

Tourism Fair "The Great Silk Road", concludes

promising contracts;

- postage stamps are issued with the image of

Urda Khudoyarkhan and the monument of the

Cathedral Mosque - Jome;

- on the basis of the cycle "Pearls of Architecture

of Uzbekistan", documentaries about Urda

Khudoyarkhan, a monument of the Cathedral Mosque

- Jome, were prepared.

Based on the Kokand City Museum of Local Lore,

by the Decree of the Cabinet of Ministers of the

Republic of Uzbekistan No. 975 dated December 11,

2017, the “State Museum of the History of Culture of

Kokand” was reorganized. By Decree of the Cabinet

of Ministers of the Republic of Uzbekistan No. 443

dated May 30, 2019, the State Museum of the History

of Culture of Kokand was transformed into the

"Kokand State Museum-Reserve". According to the

decree, Urda Khudoyar Khan, the Jome complex, the

Mien Khazrat madrasah, the Norbutabiya madrasah,

the Dakhmai Modarikhan mausoleum, the

Dasturkhanchi madrasah and the archaeological sites

of Tepakurgan were attached to the reserve.

Based on the Resolution of the Cabinet of

Ministers “On Approval of the Program of Measures

to Improve the Activities and Comprehensive

Strengthening of the Material and Technical Base of

State Museums for 2017-2027.” No. 975 dated

December 11, 2017, on the basis of the Museum of

Literature of the Ferghana Region named after Gafur

Gulyam, the Museum “Great Scientists” was

organized. In this museum, created as part of the

International Festival of Artisans, visitors can get

acquainted with the culture and history of the region,

and its literary environment.

The exposition of the museum consists of five

sections. The first of them provides information about

the life and scientific and creative activities of such

great thinkers as Muso Khorezmi, Abu Nasr Farabi,

Abu Raykhon Beruni, Abu Ali ibn Sino, Ahmad

Fergani, Imam Bukhari, Imam Termezi, Imam

Moturidi, Yusuf Khos Hajib, Mahmud Kashgari,

Ahmad Yassavi, Mahmud Zamakhshari,

Burkhaniddin Marghinani, samples of rare

manuscripts created by them are placed. The second

section of the museum exhibits monuments of science

and culture created during the Temurids period;

historical works relating to such figures as Amir

Temur, Mirzo Ulugbek, Sadiddin Taftazoni,

Giesiddin Jamshid, Ali Kushchi, Mirkhond, Alisher

Navoi, Khoja Akhror Vali, Makhdumi Azam,

Zahiriddin Muhammad Babur.

In addition, the museum's expositions contain

information about the life and work of those who

lived in the XVIII-XIX centuries. in the Fergana

Valley such great personalities as Mashrab,

Khuvaido, Sadoyi, Nizomi Khukandi, Azimi, Uvaisi,

Amiri, Nodira, Hakimkhon Tura, Gulkhani, Fazli,

Mukhyi, Mukimi, Furkat, Zavki, Mahmud Hakim

Yaifoni, Khaziny.

The next section highlights the life and work of

well-known representatives of the Jadid movement in

Turkestan - Behbudi, Fitrat, Abdulla Avloni, Hamza

Hakimzade Niyazi, Ashurali Zohiri, Ibrohim Davron,

Ibrat. It also provides information about the Kokand

calligraphic art, national crafts and holy places.

The fifth section of the museum contains

materials and exhibits that reflect the life and

scientific work of great scientists, academicians,

natives of the Ferghana Valley - Kary Niyazi, M.

Urozboev, T. Zokhidov, J. Saidov, A. Muhammadiev

and others.

3 CONCLUSION

It should be said that the history of the organization

of large museums in the Fergana Valley, important

aspects of their activities were studied on the basis of

factual materials. In the process of scientific research,

along with positive aspects, there were also

disadvantages. In particular, it was revealed that there

were not enough specialists for the development of

museums. It should be especially noted that the

museums of the valley attract the attention of tourists

not only in our country, but all over the world,

popularizing our history and national culture. It seems

appropriate to expand the influence of society on the

development of new areas in the activities of

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museums, to use a communication approach in

scientific and theoretical museology, to conduct

research in ecomuseology, museum and pedagogical

activities, to organize cultural, educational and

exposition exhibitions, as well as to introduce modern

technologies in all areas. museum business.

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