Linguistic Analysis of National Novels with Divine Motifs by Chingiz

Aitmatov and Uzbek Authors

Umida T. Mukhtorova

, Faxriddin N. Yarmanov

Dilnavoz A. Toxirova

Malohat P. G'aybullayeva

and Bobur B. Latipov

Karshi State University, Karshi, Uzbekistan

Keywords: Motive, Prose, Dialectic of Life, Artistic Synthesis, Socialist Realism, Socialism, Tendency, Brotherhood,

Spiritual Shortcoming, Mute, Mythological Images, Aytmatov Mythologist, Philosophical Belief, Solidarity,

Exposition, Myth.

Abstract: This article is about the scientific works and research carried out in the world and Uzbek literature on the

study of the work of Chingis Aitmatov. This article explored the artistic synthesis of motifs and narratives in

Uzbek national literature. Furthermore, compared some samples of the work of Chingis Aitmatov with

analytical comparative evidence with Uzbek works and sources. Also, the directions in Uzbek and world

literature related to divine-religious motives, and methods of using mythology are scientifically based. In the

analyzed works of Chingiz Aytmatov and other Uzbek writers, the mythological plot, image, and other

elements are not just a means of form, but a form of perception of the world of a certain creator, a means of

expressing his ideological concept, a poetic idea like other individual components participation as an

important part of the presentation is shown. It has been scientifically proven that such literary phenomena as

building the structure of the entire work based on religious-mythological narratives, artistic perception of real

reality in parallel with distant narratives and bringing mythological images into real-life events are widespread.

1 INTRODUCTION

Literature and dialectics of life are assigned by the

degree of reading of people in world literary studies.

That is, they must first read those works to get

acquainted with noble ideals, for members of society

and human ideas in fiction, to take an example from

them. Representatives of Uzbek prose have put in the

center of their works important spiritual and moral

issues that are relevant for all times. They clearly

demonstrated in the medium of real-life realities what

tragedies various inhuman vices lead to. each of their

works is a mirror and a sign to human members.

Chingis Aitmatov as one of the brightest

representatives of World prose of the 20th century, a

writer whose works have been translated into many

languages of the world and read with pleasure, has

become the focus of World Literary Studies, a huge

https://orcid.org/0009-0006-6813-2386

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https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6508-3906

https://orcid.org/0009-0005-2450-120X

https://orcid.org/0009-0003-4066-5269

number of different monographs, dissertations, and

articles have been created in dedication to the life and

work of writer - Gachev G (1982). An important

component of Aitmatovism, which arose in World

Science, is also widely studied at the level of world

and Russian and Uzbek literary studies - Voronov V

(1976). Notable in this matter is the selfless work of

Chingiz Aitmatov’s loyal translator, literary scholar

is professor Asil Rashidov.

By comparing the problem of artistic synthesis of

divine motives and narratives in the works of Chingis

Aitmatov and some Uzbek writers, it consists in

assigning the specifics of works that came to the field

in the 20th century as a derivative of the perception

of the universe in philosophical-artistic harmony, as

well as defining their principles of perspective in

national thought. “Literature begins with a myth and

1312

Mukhtorova, U., Yarmanov, F., Toxirova, D., G’aybullayeva, M. and Latipov, B.

Linguistic Analysis of National Novels with Divine Motifs by Chingiz Aitmatov and Uzbek Authors.

DOI: 10.5220/0012965700003882

Paper published under CC license (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0)

In Proceedings of the 2nd Pamir Transboundary Conference for Sustainable Societies (PAMIR-2 2023), pages 1312-1316

ISBN: 978-989-758-723-8

ends with a myth,” says Jorge Luis Borges, one of the

great Latin American scholar - Levchenko V (1983).

In other words, any art, including the art of artistic

words, begins with folklore and progresses along with

folklore” - Rashidov A (1981), emphasizing the

literary scholar with a compelling Eshonqul.

The use of myths has existed in all eras, when the

creator wants to tell the truth about the political-

social, and economic life of his time, he usually uses

myths. This can be observed in the works of Hazrat

Alisher Navoi, in particular in the epic “Khamsa”, the

fact that the statesman slaughtered his time a genius

writer like Navoi with the language of myths

confirms the existence of a conflict between the

creator and the era.

Chingiz Torakulovich Aitmatov, one of the

greatest writers of world literature in the 20th and 21st

centuries, is a famous word among great Turkish

artists such as Yusuf Khos Hajib, Alisher Navoi,

Zahiriddin Muhammad Babur, Makhtumquli-

Faroghii, Abay, Berdaq, Abdulla Qadiri, Abdurauf

Fitrat. is an artist. As the President of the Republic of

Uzbekistan Shavkat Mirziyoyev stated in the

Resolution "On the wide celebration of the 90th

anniversary of the great writer and public figure

Chingiz Aitmatov" (April 2, 2018), "The great writer

and public figure Chingiz Aitmatov is not only a

Kyrgyz At the same time, he was a dear and valuable

figure for all Turkic countries, including the Uzbek

people, and a great friend of Uzbekistan".

This historic decision summarizes the important

aspects of Chingiz Aitmatov's creative genius, and it

is emphasized that he is always of great leadership

importance in strengthening Uzbek-Kyrgyz brotherly

relations: "A new era has begun in the history of

relations between Uzbekistan and Kyrgyzstan." At

present, the immortal artistic legacy of Chingiz is

becoming more important for our people. His works

aimed at strengthening the ideas of humanity and

goodness, national and universal values, mutual

respect, and solidarity between different nations and

peoples are published in millions of copies in our

country. The permanent exhibition "Chingiz

Aytmatov and Uzbekistan" established at the

National University of Uzbekistan is operating"

In fact, Chingiz Aitmatov was a writer and a great

public figure who, with his writings, was a great

organizer and leader in strengthening the unity of the

Uzbek-Kyrgyz people, as well as all the Turkic

peoples.

"Uzbeks and Kyrgyz have been brothers since

ancient times and will remain so forever," Ch.

Aytmatov wrote in his interview with A.

Zhoraboyev entitled "Uzbek's pain - my pain":

Uzbeks are a great nation. I believe that this nation,

which rocked the cradle of world civilization, also

has great patience".

2 MATERIALS AND METHODS

Indeed, the literature of the Soviet period, as a result

of political molds and religious restrictions, retained

to some extent the folkloric traditions-the folk art,

although the religious was not supported with the

ideas of Koran and did not resort to divine motives.

Neomifs-were created in this period of Uzbek

literature along with the famous myths of the Turkic

peoples, the Uzbek nation, myths of a new nature –

legends - Rashidov A (2011). In particular, the

narratives in the novel “Sycamore” by Askad

Mukhtar, one of the literary figures of the Soviet

period’s popular writers. There is a function of the

five narratives on different themes that take place

from the novel, assigned to the idea of the work and

the writer himself according to his artistic purpose.

The writer symbolically instills in the catchphrase of

myths that cannot be said or written in the time of the

show. The same boss, in myths, the exact space and

time are not recorded, in this context, it is a

convenient way for the writer to use myths or create

a neormif that suits his opinion that he wants to say.

Askad Mukhtar also feels the need for myths in

his work, and when the place comes, he gives a hint

to his idea with neomyphs, which reflect the purpose

of literary. This is how the compelling Eshonkul

comments on myths. It should be noted that in fiction,

myths do not know boundaries and do not talk about

the past, but rather the motive refers to the present

through the means of images and symbolic

representations, speaks from the present.

The novel “Maple” by Askad Mukhtar, which is

retrospectively fictionalized in a unique style, is

written in a new form reminiscent of eastern literary

traditions. The novel tells about the ancient, near past

and today. That is, before the depiction of the passing

of the child and grandchildren (sometimes himself) of

the hungry grandmother, a story and narration are

brought up, expressing its meaning, which helps to

better understand the content, the artistic purpose of

the writer.“The myth is not only the past of a person,

the delusions of ancestors, but also their mood and

experiences that he himself has not realized, but is

absorbed in the brain. It is necessary to look at the

myth not as a wild fantasy or shepherds of ancestors,

but as a gift of the human psyche, for this reason, the

myth is not the echo of the past, it is the embodiment

of yesterday, today and tomorrow, the landscape of

Linguistic Analysis of National Novels with Divine Motifs by Chingiz Aitmatov and Uzbek Authors

1313

the human psyche. A myth coexists with a person,

while a person lives he creates a myth on his own.

However, not everyone “reads” the myth created by

their own brain - Rashidov A (2007), which justifies

their scholar the compelling Eshonkul. The opinions

of the literary critic help to correctly understand the

essence of the narratives in the novel “Sycamore” by

Asqad Mukhtar.

The first narration, which takes place in the novel

“Sycamore”, is about one of the distant ancestors of

the grandfather namely Ochil who planted the

plantain in the year of the plague, and it is predicted

by the luminaries that this plantain will burn when it

turns a thousand years old, but the prophecy will not

come true. On the second Friday of the month when

the Sycamore should burn, the villagers witness that

the grandfather stood upright under the Sycamore

until dawn. That night, the Sycamore does not burn

and goes into the tongue and says, “when I burn, the

time will be the end”. In the narrative, the maple tree

acquires a symbolic meaning and is reflected as a

symbol of Eternity. The writer refers to the

immortality of the religion of Islam in the image of

the eternal – Sycamore, The eternity of God in the

hearts. The forgotten religion of Islam, culture,

eternal history of the nation, which survived so many

“floods”in the time of the invading Chingisians, the

authorrefers to these truths in the image of Ochil, who

believed that even one day from the oppressions of

the tributary era, peaceful days will come.

Through this neomive-narrative created by

Mukhtar himself, Askad made his way even in the

strict period, implying that he was opposed to the

policy of the Soviet period on the basis of the

mythological model. The writer is embodied before

our eyes as a creator who, on the example of the

image of Ochil buva, was able to show who he was

and who was on his side, stood firm in his faith,

adopted the light of faith in his soul. “The American

scientist Erich Fromm argues that the language of

symbols, a common language that everyone is

obliged to know, is the myth, one of the most

necessary and only means in interpreting art in

general” - Rashidov A (1972).

This mythological analysis requires a new

perspective on the analysis of “Sycamore” by Askad

Mukhtar. The writer instilled his main opinion not in

the development of events in the novel, but precisely

in the composition of five narratives on different

topics. In the modern literary process, we witness that

the first and most beautiful example of prose works

based on the mythological model, which today is

considered a novelty and is influenced by Western

literature, was created by Askad Mukhtar in Uzbek

literature, as early as the middle of the 20th century.

Each social political period affects to some extent

the development of literary art, the ideological poetic

scope, images and methodological situations. It will

cause its development, renewal. For example, the

development of the former macro literature, including

Uzbek literature, in an environment that has reached

the days of independence for the new era, having got

rid of the compassionate oppression, political molds

of socialist realism, began to harmonize with the

principles of the most progressive world literature.

Such qualitative and formative changes are

manifested, first of all, in the activities of creepy and

partially middle-aged creators by nature. Such

changes, first of all, are noticeable on the example of

large-scale novel samples, such large-scale works as

a reflection of the national spirit, the glorification of

national values, the restoration of established national

spiritual principles, its characteristics of commonality

with Universal ideological qualities.

As scholar Damin Turayev admits: Uzbek art

prose has experienced serious updates, changes in the

next years in terms of life themes, creative style color,

spiritual and philosophical analysis, character

interpretation. Theoretical reflections in literary

criticism frequently mention the concepts of

traditional prose and modern literature. In particular,

the works of Uzbek scholars who followed literary

currents such as symbolism and surrealism in

Western literature, Franz Kafka, Alber Camus, Jean

Paul Sartre, Louis Borges, James Joyce, are

considered to be related to modern prose” - Rashidov

A (2018).

Hamidulla Karomatov, a devout and courageous

scholar who has devoted himself to the deep study of

the harmony of Uzbek literature and Koranic

teachings as early as Independence, also writes about

the literature of this period: “in 20th century literary

studies, religious ideas and topics that had a certain

influence on the occurrence of the works of our great

This is evidenced not by the fact that Uzbek literary

critics did not understand the laws of the literary

process, but by the repression of the dominant

ideology in the Soviet era. Some Uzbek literary

scholars and writers have been torn between reality

and personal security, and their lives have also been

ruined.”.

3 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

In modern national novels, such directions as non-

realistic reality, a parallel depiction of mythological

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plots with a divine interpretation real reality, which

were banned in the previous period, began to be

brightly visible.

Both in Uzbek classical literature and in modern

Istiqlal period literature, the interpretation of divine

motives, the image of mythological events and, above

all, the Kuran is directly related to the appeal to the

ideas, plots of it. “In the composition of Oriental and

large– scale world literature, Uzbek literature has

mastered the Koran in different ways over the

centuries and has created tuhfa works based on its

themes,” writes, professor Hamidulla Karomatov.

Koran phrases have been absorbed into the Uzbek

language and embodied in literature and folk

Proverbs. The scientific and cultural heritage of the

Movarounnahr scientists not only remained the

property of the Islamic world, but also enriched the

culture and treasure of science of the West and the

whole universe. The work of our great gods brought

the Renaissance to the surface and laid the foundation

for our cities to be known to the whole world as

Bukhara and Samarkand ”.

The issue of the Koran and fiction gained its status

as a divine phenomenon, which in the years of

independence was absorbed into spirituality, cultural

life. “Progress begins with the original culture and

literature and receives a life-giving feed from it. The

study of the influence of Quranic themes in the

development of Uzbek literature promotes the

restoration of our values and is a factor in the correct

understanding of our past history and literature”. In

the literature of the national independence period, a

complete process of evolution and a new process of

imagination arose in the perception and interpretation

of the national spirit. Such principles inherent in the

euro of artistic thinking have become evident in the

search for Romanianism of young modern writers.

This process is reflected in the unique artistic

directives in Uzbek national Romanianism, the use of

colorful poetic elements in the image of reality,

changes in genre and style. This literary phenomenon

first draws attention to the fact that in the

interpretation of the character of an artistic hero,

national spirits and values are embodied among

themselves. Also, today the bottomless and apparent

world of the nation's man, his expanses of thought,

interests, lifestyle, the process of realizing the

national identity, his active attitude to social life, faith

in tomorrow and his enthusiasm for strengthening

independence find their large-scale artistic expression

in the samples of the novel genre. Literary aesthetic,

ideological artistic updates such as Omon Mukhtar,

Khurshid Dostmuhammad, Nazar Eshonkul, Ulugbek

Hamdam, Isajan Sultan, Halimurod Rustam, Asad

Dilmurod, Ahmad A’zam, Shoyim Boutayev are

manifested in their novels, short stories and stories. It

should be noted that the works on this subject attract

attention even with the literary traditions inherent in

the work of jamhonshumul adib Chingis Aitmatov.

Examples of folk art prose, including products of the

genre of the novel, have a wide range of possibilities

in this regard, reflecting in their bosom both various

historical events and ancient traditions and udums

that have become the mirror of the people’s psyche,

and the botinian evrations that have taken place in the

hearts of the nation's people. Therefore, the study of

the issues of the use of divine motives and

mythological research in the artistic interpretation of

the national attitude and national psyche within the

framework of the analysis of prose samples provides

an opportunity to make new theoretical

generalizations in the system of problems of the era

of the hero’s character, as well as creative skills.

In the study of world literature, the methodology

of scientific research, and the study of folk epics,

works of individual style as examples of literary

commonality from the point of view of immutable

literary regularities have been created and formed. In

such fundamental studies, first of all, the famous

writer A.P. Chekhov's advice to the young Maxim

Gorky: "Learn from all creators, but do not imitate,

literary communication is only balanced in its free

and correct essence." The scientific method of

interpretation is analyzed. According to A. Bushmin's

interpretation, literary works may be similar in terms

of image, idea and pathos, style of expression, even if

the creators do not know about each other and has not

read the corresponding famous work; and the task of

a literary critic is to be able to correctly assess

imitation, influence and typological similarity, to

correctly show the uniqueness of an artistic work.

According to V. Belinsky, all great artistic writers, for

example, Homer or Shakespeare, Byron or Cervantes,

W. Scott or Goethe, George Sand or Balzac, are

studied in any case, whether they are observed in

terms of literary commonality or literary connection. ,

still, they will remain as great as Benazir.

Only Chingiz Aitmatov, among the representatives of

Turkish literature, is currently at the top of the list of

writers in the world. Today, researchers acknowledge

that the author's works have been published in world

languages and have more than a million copies. This

fact makes the name of the writer the most and most

discussed art of words of the 20th century, such as J.

Sartre, A. Camus, M. Frisch, Dürrenmatt, G. Marquez,

Vargas Llosa, Carlos Fuentes, Kanzaburo Oye.

indicates that he is among the Titans.

Linguistic Analysis of National Novels with Divine Motifs by Chingiz Aitmatov and Uzbek Authors

1315

4 CONCLUSIONS

As a conclusion, it should be said that Homer, Dante

one of the literatures of the ancient Greco-Roman

period to the Renaissance, which serves as a general

example, giving the basis for the development of

world literature. Bokkachcho, classical works

belonging to the pen of representatives of eastern

artistic thought such as geniuses Abu Rayhan Beruniy,

Abu Ali ibn Sino, Saikaliy, Ibn Rushd are also

considered jewels of the divine universe, appeal to

noneal life, the method of making good use of

mythological motives.

The masterpieces in Oriental literature created by

Ahmad Yassawi, Naziruddin Rabghuziy, Suleiman

Bakirghani, Sofi Olloyor, Abdurahman Jami, and

Alisher Navoi are beautiful examples of divine and

mythological poetics. Importantly, it is especially

valuable for such qualities as the saatqar, the most

ardent propagandist of the moderate Islamic

Enlightenment, the Kuran, and the Hadith, as well as

the compassion of the creators of today’s

independence period in these matters and the guiding

star.

2. In their methodological studies, 20th-century

Uzbek writers began to write works with a

mythological plot, in which religious-educational,

divine-Iranian motives were artistically synthesized,

based on the experience of masterpieces of eastern

classical literature and world classical writers.

Significant in this regard are the works of Asqad

Mukhtar, who continued the tradition of the

mythological model after classical literature. The

mythological creations of the foundations of the

literature of the Istiqlal period are delighted with the

boldness of progress towards a nearly global society.

3. In particular, mythological works based on the

divine motif and myth, narration are found in the

work of the adibiz, associated with other peoples,

which enriched modern Uzbek prose such as Askad

Mukhtar, Omon Mukhtar, Ulugbek Hamdam,

Khurshid Dostmuhammad, Isajan Sultan with new

forms, styles and figurative research. the fact that

such works have increased in modern literature is

Deaconess to say actions towards understanding the

history, religion, and identity of the nation.

Chingiz Aitmatov (1928-2008) wrote several stories,

9 short stories, and 4 novels throughout his life. In

each of his works, he discussed eternal problems

related to the inner world of man and society. He

described the most painful and the brightest feelings,

experiences, and destinies that are inside and on the

tip of the tongue of people. Each of his works

resonated all over the world as soon as they were

announced. A spiritual awakening has begun in the

hearts of millions; hatred and rebellion against evil,

vices, effort, and struggle. A bitter longing for the

future, a movement against all depression and doubt.

He predicted and warned about major social,

economic, and spiritual catastrophes and human

tragedies.

REFERENCES

Gachev, G. (1982). Chingis Aitmatov and World Literature.

Kyrgyzstan.

Voronov, V. (1976). Chingiz Aitmatov: Drama Works.

Moscow.

Levchenko, V. (1983). Chingiz Aitmatov: The Problem of

Poetics, Genre, Style. Moscow.

Rashidov, A. (1981). The Word Stars (Literary Port

Chingiz Aitmatov). Tashkent: Publication of Literature

and Art, 161-249.

Rashidov, A. (2011). The Universe of Chingis Aitmatov.

Tashkent: "Critic".

Rashidov, A. (2007). Clear Path of the “White Ship”:

Scientific Collection. Tashkent.

Rashidov, A. (1972). From the Love Gimmick to the

“White Ship” (Vol. 2). Uzbekistan.

Rashidov, A. (2018, April 20). Ministry of Public

Education of the Republic of Uzbekistan People’s

Word.

Khan, A. M. (1992). Talent Charm. Tashkent: "Science".

Khan, A. M. (1993). Perfect Human Hope. Tashkent:

"Science".

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