Polysemy of Simple Verbs in the Persian Language

Dilfuza Akhmedova

, Kholida Alimova

, Dinara Azimdjanova

, Nodir Nuriddinov

Nargiza Azimbayeva

and Zokir Arifdjanov

Tashkent state university of oriental studies, Tashkent, Uzbekistan

Oriental university, Tashkent, Uzbekistan

International Islamic Academy of Uzbekistan, Tashkent, Uzbekistan

Keywords: Polysemy, Mobile Meaning, Conveying Meaning, Lexical Meaning, Simple Verb, Usual and Occasional

Meaning, Metonymy, Metaphor, Synecdoche.

Abstract: Polysemy is a language phenomenon that needs to be studied both theoretically and practically. Its theoretical

solution is connected with the logic of language, it is connected with the solution of the laws of communication.

Its practical side is the structure of dictionaries such as translation and explanatory dictionaries. Polysemy is

studied from the point of view of the semantic structure of the word. The semantic structure of a word is its

aspect associated with objective existence. When studying the polysemy of a language, attention will be paid

to the historical development of these people, the scale of thinking and point of view. This network of

linguistic richness, taken as a whole, is no longer the object of study. Despite its theoretical and practical

significance, such a problematic issue still remains unattended in the linguistics of all nations. Iranian linguists

have also conducted research on verb ambiguity, especially the meanings of simple verbs. Lexical meanings

in the semantic structure of a word are initially divided into two large groups - current lexical meanings and

previous lexical meanings. The current lexical meaning is characteristic of the current stage of language

development, and previous lexical meanings are characteristic of past stages of language development.

Therefore, the current lexical meaning is studied in descriptive semasiology, and the previous lexical

meanings are studied in historical (diachronic) semasiology. Among them is the question of polysemy of

simple verbs in the Persian language, which is the subject of our topic.

1 INTRODUCTION

Language is a social phenomenon; it serves to

establish mutual communication between people.

That is why the language changes depending on the

society, its new laws are created. Polysemy plays an

important role in any language. Language richness is

measured not only by words and phrases but also by

lexical meanings of words. So polysemy, the

polysemy of words, has its place in the wealth of

language (1,3).

https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4247-7205

https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7449-1832

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2450-8699

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0715-5596

https://orcid.org/0009-0009-3702-6929

https://orcid.org/0009-0005-2033-0511

2 RESULTS AND FINDINGS

The purpose of the subject. Studying the phenomenon

of polysemy in simple verbs in the Persian language

is to shed light on the interrelationship of the

meanings attached to these verbs.

Level of study of the subject. In addition to the

information given in introductory textbooks on

lexicology, semasiology or linguistics, some

scientific works or articles have been published on the

study of certain aspects of polysemy.

1966, T. Alikulov did a candidate's thesis on the

phenomenon of polysemy in the Uzbek language on

Akhmedova, D., Alimova, K., Azimdjanova, D., Nuriddinov, N., Azimbayeva, N. and Arifdjanov, Z.

Polysemy of Simple Verbs in the Persian Language.

DOI: 10.5220/0012976100003882

Paper published under CC license (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0)

In Proceedings of the 2nd Pamir Transboundary Conference for Sustainable Societies (PAMIR-2 2023), pages 1479-1488

ISBN: 978-989-758-723-8

1479

the topic " The phenomenon of polysemy in the noun

family". In 1995, M. Mirtojiev published a

monograph entitled " Polysemy in the Uzbek

language" (1). In Russian linguistics, there are many

works devoted to polysemy. The issues of the

phenomenon of polysemy in the Persian language are

covered in the books "Leksikologiya sovremennogo

persidskogo yazyka" by L. Peysikov and "

Lexicology of the Persian language " (2) by A.

Kuronbekov.

In Iranian linguistics, it is possible to observe a

number of works devoted to the phenomenon of

polysemy in verbs. Of these, Shahlo Sharifi “Barrasi-

ye ma’no-ye af’ol-e morakkab andom-e bonyod az

didgoh-e ma’noshenosi-ye shenoxti” (5), Ebrohim

Morodi “Barrasi-ye ma’noi-ye fe’l-e morakkab dar

zabon-e farsi” (6), Rohele Gandomkor “Ruykardi-ye

shenoxti be mas’ale-ye hamma’noyi-ye bofti dar

sath-e af’ol-e zabon-e farsi” (7), A’li Safari

“Ma’noshenosi-ye zamine va tanoveb-e fe’lho-ye

morakkab dar zabon-e farsi” (8), Leylo Sharifi

“Ruykardi-ye shenoxti be yek fe’l-e chandma’noi-ye

farsi” (9), Hamid Rabi’i “A’noser-e moaser dar

tagyir-e ma’no-ye fe’l” (11) it is necessary to

enumerate the works.

Tasks of the subject. - verbs with polysemantic

properties were separated from the total simple verbs

in Persian;

- polysemantic in verbs lexicon meaning

development results studied;

- lexicon meaning development, as a result,

Persian in the language simple verbs meant meaning

quantity in terms of separate to groups divided;

- the interrelationship of the meanings combined

into one lexicon was determined

Results. The lexical meaning of a word is not a

fixed, immutable phenomenon, although it is quite

stable, it can change over many years under the

influence of certain factors. The factors causing such

changes are of two types: 1) extralinguistic (non-

linguistic) factors - socio-economic life, development

of consciousness, thinking, etc. For example, the

word "leg " was originally named one of the human

limbs, and later it began to refer to the "leg" of

furniture such as a couch, a chair, a table, a chair, a

bed: the leg of a couch, the leg of a chair, the leg of a

table. foot, like the foot of a bed. This is due to the

appearance of various types of furniture in the

environment in which people live, the emergence of

new ideas in the human mind, and finally, the

complex relationship between language and social

life, consciousness and thinking. was; 2) linguistic

(linguistic) factors - relations of language units within

the language system. For example, clear and open

lexemes in the vocabulary of the language can be in

relation to contextual synonymy: like speaking

clearly and speaking openly, but " open door " cannot

be " clear door ", because of the semantic properties

of clear and open lexemes originality, their valence

possibilities do not allow. Therefore, the lexical

meaning of the lexeme changes under the influence

of the above-mentioned factors, which is what is

meant by the development of the lexical meaning.

The ways of such development are also different: the

migration, expansion and narrowing of the meaning,

and changes in its size and volume are among them.

Whether a language is rich or poor depends not

only on the number of words in that language but also

on the number of meanings the words convey.

Language units have monosemantic and

polysemantic properties.

Lexicon monosemy (Greek: monos - " one " +

semia - " symbol ") is a lexeme only one to the

meaning have b to die. For example, in Uzbek in the

language rice lexeme » from rice justified removable

oshlik don » means forever _ lexeme means " eternal,

constant ", night lexeme « day from sunset day He

died from dusk to dawn _ _ part » meaning represents

_ These lexemes another meaning.

Famous nouns are also conditional respectively

monosemantic lexemes to the line q will increase.

Monosemy phenomenon Uzbek _ in linguistics is

also called meaningfulness. Ambiguity _ k o' more to

terms, new created or another from the language new

mastered _ of lexemes first use _ _ to the period is

typical.

Newly created or newly acquired lexemes from

another language can turn into multi-meaning words

under the influence of various linguistic and non-

linguistic factors.

Lexicon polysemy (Greek: poli -« k o' p »+ semia

-« sign ») – a lexeme one how many to the meaning

to have _ _ _ For example, the lexeme of salt semantic

in the composition the following lexicon meanings

there are: 1) « acid contained hydrogen instead of

something metal take over as a result the product will

die chemical compounds » (main salts, sulfate acid

salts); 2) « chemical don't join food for used one type

" (salt); 3) don't change: " someone's". another to a

person gave, ate and drank food " (salt give salt _ eat);

4) No change: logic, meaning, content.

relies on the existence of a meaningful connection

between lexical meanings in the semantic structure of

one lexeme, and differs from lexical homonymy by

this feature. The occurrence of lexical polysemy is

determined by the quality of meaning.

According to Prof. A. Kuronbekov, it is very

difficult to distinguish the homonyms formed in

polysemy from other signs of meaning. For example::

“parde” - "curtain ", "screen", "work of art", " music

curtain ". Between these meanings, " window curtain

" and " sound curtain " can be called homonyms with

different meanings. This difference between them is

only syntactic and semantic in valency known will be

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Parde-ye panjare - window curtain; parde-ye ' aroq -

the difference between the tone of Iraq is very big.

These one of words to each other near near-meaning

signs don't care. This from each other long meaning

signs are homonyms. But in dictionaries of the word

this meaning amen as is not considered. Accurate

indicators for distinguishing differences between

homonyms with closeness of meaning in polysemous

words have not been developed. This topic is one of

the current problems in Persian lexicology that is

waiting for its solution is one (2,18).

Discussion. As a result of the analysis of the

examples, a similar problem was encountered in the

example of the verb ﻥﺩﺭﻮﺧ xordan 1) to eat; 2) to

drink; 3) to win; 4) mouth. to speak unintelligibly; 5)

to acquire; 6) sports. to lose 7) fall to the target; 8) to

crash; 9) to touch; 10) mouth. means to fit. In our

opinion, the 6th, 7th, 8th, 9th, and 10th meanings of

this verb are fundamentally different from its main

meaning, and it is appropriate to separate it as a

separate homonym, but this issue requires a separate

study.

By analysing the meanings of words, it can be

observed that all words have a mono semantic

character at the initial stage. They are used to express

certain things and events. Later they are also used for

the purposes of expressing other objects and events.

As a result, further meanings of the words arise.

Formation of figurative meaning plays an

important role in the phenomenon of polysemy.

Transferred meanings arise in the process of

transferring the term of one category of reality to

another category of reality. For example: ﻮﻗﺎﭼی ﺩﻼﻓ ﻦﻳ

(čāqu-ye fulādin) – steel knife; ﺩﻻﻮﻓ ﻩﺩﺍﺭﺍ ﻦﻳ (erāde-ye

fulādin) – steel willed. Here, in the first combination,

" steel " is used literally, and in the second

combination, it is used figuratively, that is, in the

sense of " strong ", and " bending " (2,9).

Scientists divide the factors causing polysemy

into two. 1. Linguistic factor. 2. Non-linguistic

factor. They interpret the phenomena of ellipsis,

phonetic change of word form, and semantic kalka as

being formed with the help of linguistic factors.

In fact, if a component is omitted from the

composition of a language unit equal to a

compound, and the entire meaning is expressed

through the remaining part, this phenomenon is called

the ellipsis phenomenon.

In the phonetic change of the form of the word,

the word-former or form-former in the content of the

word is omitted during the speech process, but

nevertheless, the expected meaning emerges.

Linguistic factor using meaning to move next the

way semantic kalka is counted. Semantic kalka

method foreign from their languages is changing

words exactly translation will be done. This is a

translation in the language from time immemorial

used bride words _ at the expense of done is

increased. By itself _ newappearancer has been

word to the previous one relatively second meaning

being will remain.

It is also observed that a new meaning is formed

as a result of synonymous, antonymic, and paronymic

relations of words.

In general, various factors can serve as the basis

for the phenomenon of meaning transfer.

The change of meaning is the fact that the name

of an object (or event) later has the characteristic of

meaning another object or event.) is based on the

relationship between For example, the root meaning

of the breath lexeme is " air taken in and out of the

lungs ", but when you say take a deep breath, the

breath lexeme means " speech " and not " air ". and

express " intention ", because without breathing and

exhalation speech cannot be formed, and without

speech, thought-intention cannot be expressed:

breath, speech, thought-intention This is the

connection between the breath and the breath caused

the loss of meaning in the content of the lexeme.

The creation of new meaning by non-linguistic

method is carried out in 4 different ways.

1. Metaphor, 2. Metonymy, 3. Synecdoche. 4.

Responsibility.

In the phenomenon of polysemy, special attention

is paid to the fact that, in the figurative sense, the

name of an object, event or event is transferred to

another similar object or event. As a result, an object,

or event, which does not have its own name in the

language, gets a new name and remains synonymous

with the previous name. The first of these is the

nominative, the second is the nominative.

A metaphor is a transfer of meaning based on the

similarity between an object or an event - events

(Latin metaphor means transfer).

Similarities between subjects can be based on

their various aspects.

For example: of a person's nose-geographical

nose, shirt _ the foot of the river skirt, the moon in

the sky is like the moon on the flag. This is the place

of subjects external in terms of similarities separately

importance given _ Also their _ internal similarities,

functional _ differences also based on meaning will

be moved. An example clean the shirt is clean man,

right the way is the right thing, my friend came - water

came like _

A metaphor method with meaning move _ event

noun, verb, adjective word in categories a lot occurs.

For example, attention let's give: gold fall, iron

discipline, steel will _ sweet talk, bitter the truth is

long conversation; conversation hot, hearty it got

cold, the conversation dragged on. Attention if given,

all in places similarity the first to the plan coming out

and metaphor to the body is bringing feel can _

Polysemy of Simple Verbs in the Persian Language

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The word metonymy is derived from the Greek

word metomumia - renaming, and gives a new name

to an object, or an event, not on the basis of similarity,

but on the basis of interrelationship.

Metonymy main views _ as the following show

can _

1. Someone's subject or this is the name in the

event of the part it will rot. For example city - people

g' uj living, cultural the centre Whole city moved _

came out in the sentence while in the city living

people mean being held The head is a man of the body

from the shoulder high part _ My head hard left in the

sentence while the brain the meaning is giving So it's

like that cases subjects between _ meaning transfer

for criterion by doing is taken.

2. Someone of the thing name that's it to

something based on measure _ of unity name as is

taken. Day - sun, day - 24 hours measure _ unit, hour

- day times sure showing giver mechanism, watch -

clear time, moon - in the sky planet name, month -

year piece _

3. One subject name that's from the subject

harvest done to something it will rot. For example, tea

is a plant, tea is a drink, water is a natural liquid, and

water is a liquid. different industry products etc. _

4. Sign name so sign there is to something will

rot; bitter (taste, taste) - spicy (pepper), scorpion

(poisonous insect) - scorpion (serjahl, bad man),

poison (poison) - poison (disease man) and that's it

such as

5. Something subjects name known one

behaviour action as a result mutually _ relationship

the way with harvest done, but this method diachronic

to the character have of our language today's stage

does not occur. Folding - making the dough layer by

layer to put as a result, toy - to get full from the verb,

kirindi - to cut from the word made _

6. Babur I memorized America I met Navoi flip

and I saw such relatedness in units as well as event is

considered to exist.

Synecdoche part through the whole, the whole

through while part to express is counted. Synecdoche

method based on subjects between relationship lies _

Therefore _ to him of metonymy one appearance _ it

is also possible to evaluate as, but this in relation the

whole piece relationship always obvious apparently

stands _ For examples attention let's give

Hoof feed (goods or sheep _ feed), to nail like zor

(to a child). in appearances part through whole is

being expressed.

Uzbekistan _ won, Ferghana came in phrases

while one person or group was caught. Such in places

while the whole through part is expressed.

Meaning to move again one method functional to

move is called Someone in the literature to him

responsibility based on meaning It is also called

migration. of this method essence from that is that the

meaning two subjects between _ duty similarity based

on will be moved.

For example: leg human standing _ for service

who does anatomical organ. of the chai,r This is what

we call a leg to the function based on

Man's eye is the window eye (har both of them to

see for), of the bird the wing of an aeroplane wing

(hap both to fly for) also in examples of duty based

on meaning to move our observation can _

And that's special telling tooth _ OK, someone

cases one of time in itself metaphorical - functional,

metaphorical - metonymic or metonymic - functional,

metaphoric - synecdoche methods manifestation

being remains. An example for blue - sky, blue - top,

top, head - head, head - one _ couple in cases from

metaphor except metonymic there is also a case. In

general, the word the meaning of migration is

complicated and a lot edged event is counted.

Lexical meanings in the semantic structure of the

word are initially divided into two large groups -

current lexical meanings and previous lexical

meanings.

Current lexical meaning is specific to the current

stage of language development, and previous lexical

meanings are specific to past stages of language

development. Therefore, the current lexical meaning

is studied in descriptive semasiology, and the

previous lexical meanings are studied in historical

(diachronic) semasiology.

Current lexical meanings, in turn, are divided into

types such as the main meaning and the derived

meaning, which according to the context requires the

correct meaning and figurative meaning, nominative

(nominative) meaning and figurative also called

meaning, free meaning, and associated meaning (or

connected meaning). In the language lexicon

polysemy is this head and derivative meanings of the

system are based on

Derivative meaning from the original meaning

progressive reached came out is the meaning. For

example, a fox's _ derivative meaning " O" took sly,

crafty " man ". This is the meaning of some of the

people's behaviour of the fox to trickery simile,

comparison _ through (metaphorically with death) to

the surface quoted: Indeed while this foxes him they

knock.

S is your derivative meaning context from

demand come don't go out _ meaning (the meaning of

s _ in a sense expressed from things another that the

names of things have died for), figuratively meaning

(abstract concept or ideas concrete image through to

express service that he did for), bo g ' meaning

(realization known context, s ' own environment with

limited for) said names is also called with.

The old lexical meaning is the meaning of the

lexeme that was used in the past and is now archaic.

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Etymological lexical meaning is the initial

meaning that forms the basis of its content plan at the

origin of a lexeme. It is called the etymology of

meaning.

Usual meaning is the lexical meaning found in the

content of the lexeme. It is recognized by the people

who own the language, so it is a meaning that is

understandable to many people. For example,

the verb raftn has the following lexical (common)

meanings: 1) to walk; to leave to lead 2) to approach;

3) flow; 4) sink; 5) to draw, resemble (someone); 6)

turn off; 7) commit

An occasional meaning is an artificial meaning

that is not specific to the meaning of the lexeme in the

language, and is created as a result of the speech

situation of some person (the author) and gives a new

"feel" to the meaning of this lexeme. It is individual

in nature and understood only in context.

ﺪﺑﻻ ﺯ ﺖﻓﺭ ﻥﻮﺘﺒﺷﺭﺩﺎﮐﺮﻳ ﺎﻬﺑﺍﻮﺨﺘﺧﺭ (3, 262)

" Maybe your bed sheet laundry between coming

in may be gone."

raftan the above sentence means " to disappear

". In fact, this meaning is not in the content of the verb

rftn, it is a lexical application discovered by the

author of the work for methodological purposes.

So: a) common meaning is a language unit

(lexical meaning), and occasional meaning is a

speech unit (lexical use); b) casual meaning (or

meanings) is formed before the context, and the

occasional meaning arises in the context itself, it is

attached to the lexeme only within this context; c)

casual meaning is associated with the lexeme's

naming of an object or event (it may or may not

contain imagery), while the occasional meaning does

not name, only imagery is expressed in it; g) casual

meaning takes place in the vocabulary of the

language, and occasional meaning is a potential

possibility that can enter the vocabulary over time

(which has not yet entered). This possibility may or

may not occur.

The results of the development of lexical meaning

are twofold: 1) the amount of meanings in the

semantic structure of the word increases, that is, the

quantity changes, which leads to polysemy (multiple

meanings) and homonymy. 2) in the semantic

structure of the word, the volume of meaning

changes. In this case, the number of meanings does

not increase, only the scope of one meaning expands

or narrows. Expansion of meaning is the occurrence

of a shift in the meaning of a lexeme from a narrow

meaning to a broad meaning.

Simple verbs in Persian are divided into the

following groups according to the amount of

meaning:

Two meaningful verbs;

Three meaningful verbs;

Four meaningful verbs;

Verbs with five or more meanings;

The interrelationship of the meanings combined

into one lexeme is of two types:

1) meaning one from the second grow-up came

out will be

2) the meanings do not grow from each other

Verbs whose meanings have grown from one

another can be studied from several perspectives:

A) meanings were way connection in terms of

approaching;

B) meanings progressive carry on methods in

terms of approaching;

a) approach in terms of how verb meanings are

connected

1. Ambiguous verbs.

Among the simple verbs we analyzed, ambiguous

verbs made up the least part.

almost the main part of these verbs, the second

meaning has grown from the first.

ﻦﺘﺧﺍﻮﻧ1 ) to play; 2) beat;

ﻥﺩﺮﻣ1 ) to die; 2) turn off;

ﻥﺩﻭﺰﻓﺍ1 ) to multiply; 2) multiply;

2. Three meaningful verbs.

In many of these verbs, the meanings have grown

from each other.

When the number of meanings increases by two,

of course, their connection also becomes

complicated. In this respect, the connection of the

verb meanings is two different:

1) The meanings are mutually connected.

In this case, the connection of meanings is in the

form 1→2→3.

ﻦﺘﺧﺎﻨﺷ šenāxtan

1) to know (someone); → 2) recognize

(something); →3) to understand, to understand;

2) each of the following two meanings is

independently related to the first meaning:

1 │→2

1 │→3

ﻥﺪﻴﺳﺮﭘ porsidan

1) to ask; │→2) get information;

1) to ask; │→3) to receive information about

illness;

ﻥﺪﻳﻭﺩ davidan

1) to run; │→2) mouth. hurry;

1) to run; │→3) chase;

3. Quadrilaterals.

In the following four-meaning verbs, the

meanings are derived from one another. In this case,

the connection of meanings is as follows:

1) Next three of meaning each one by itself the

first to the meaning will be connected. This will look

like this:

1 │→2

1 │→3

Polysemy of Simple Verbs in the Persian Language

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1 │→4

ﻦﺘﺸﮐ koštan

1) kill │→2) erase

1) kill │→3) suppress

1) to kill │→4) to extinguish

2) have two meanings: they are connected to each

other and independently:

The second and third meanings of these verbs are

related to the first meaning, and the fourth meaning is

related to the third meaning:

1 │ → 2

1 │→ 3 → 4

ﻥﺪﻧﺎﻣ māndan

1) stay; │→2) stop;

1) stay; │→3) survive; →4) to be preserved;

4. Five and from him more than meaningful verbs.

As the number of meanings of simple verbs

increases, the relationship between the meanings of

these verbs becomes more complicated. Such a

situation can be seen in verbs with five or more

meanings. The meanings of these verbs are related to

each other in the following ways:

1) All meanings of verbs are connected to the first

meaning and have the following form:

1 │→2

1 │→3

1 │→ 4

1 │→ 5 and h.

ﻥﺪﻳﺮﭘ paridan

1) fly, flutter; │→2) fly away;

1) fly, flutter; │→3) jump;

1) fly, flutter; │→4) jump up;

1) fly, flutter; │→5) disappear, shine

(odor, liquid);

1) fly, flutter;│→ 6) tremble, fly

(eye fly);

ﻥﺪﻴﺸﮐ kešidan

1) pull; │→2) stretch;

1) pull; │→3) draw (line, picture);

1) pull; │→ 4) pull (wire);

1) pull; │→5) to take out;

1) pull; │→ 6) to cut off;

1) pull; │→7) attract;

1) pull; │→8) to measure;

1) pull; │→9) squeeze;

1) pull; │→10) put (food);

1) pull; │→11) endure;

1) pull; │→12) to continue, to stretch;

1) pull; │→13) six to six;

1) pull; │→14) eat and go;

1) pull; │→ 15) to smoke.

ﻦﺘﺷﺍﺬﮔ gozāštan

1) put;│→2) touch;

1) to put;│→3) to mark;

1) to put;│→ 4) to put a guard;

1) to put;│→5) to give (uniformly);

1) to put;│→6) to leave;

1) to put;│→7) to allow;

1) to put;│→8) to grow hair, beard;

ﻦﺘﻓﺭ raftan

1) to walk; to leave to set off; │→2) to approach;

1) to walk; to leave to set off; │→ 3) leak;

1) to walk; to leave to set off; │→4) sink;

1) to walk; to leave to set off; │→5) draw,

resemble

(to someone);

1) to walk; to leave to set off; │→6) turn off;

1) to walk; to leave to set off; │→7) to make a

covenant;

ﻦﺘﺷﺬﮔ gozaštan

1) pass (time, event), pass away; │→2) to cross;

1) pass (time, event), pass away; │→3) pass;

1) pass (time, event), pass away; │→4) pass by;

1) pass (time, event), pass away; │→5) to flow;

1) pass (time, event), pass away; │→6) past

someone

to leave

2) have two meanings: they are connected to each

other and independently:

The second and third meanings of these verbs are

connected to the first meaning, and the rest of the

meanings are connected to the third or subsequent

meaning and have the following forms:

1 │2

1 │3→4→5 and h.

1 │→2 → 3

1 │→ 4

1 │→5 → 6

ﻥﺪﻴﺑﺍﻮﺧ xābidan

1) to sleep; │→2) lie down;

1) to sleep; │→3) return (tumor return); →4) to

stop; →5) calm down;

ﻦﺘﺧﺎﺳ sāxtan

1) prepare, produce;│→2) build, create;

1) prepare, produce;│→3) falsify (documents);

→4) go out (with someone);→5) conspire;

ﻦﺘﺧﺍﺪﻧﺍ andāxtan

1) shoot; │→ 2) chop down trees; →3) to walk;

1) shoot; │→ 4) write (table);

1) shoot; │→ 5) peel off; → 6) overturn;

B) meaning progressive carry-on methods in

terms of approach

A comparative study of the meanings of verbs

shows that there are two main ways of their

development:

1) Application method.

The meaning of the verb arises as a gradual

continuation of the line of the existing meaning, as a

result of its development. Such a development of

meaning cannot be equated with any transfer (such as

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metaphor metonymy) that leads to the development

of meaning. This method is based on application, not

transfer. The meanings developed in this way are the

majority. The meanings of the following verbs belong

to the group of verbs with meanings related to the

main meaning, not the transitive meaning:

ﻥﺪﻳﺮﭘ 1 ) fly, flutter; 2) fly away; 3) to jump; 4)

jump up, 5) disappear, shine (smell, liquid); 6)

tremble, fly (eyes fly).

The original meaning of this verb is " to fly ". All

its meanings are related to flying

ﻢﻳﺪﻳﺮﭘ ﺘﻓﺭ ﻭ ﻥﻮﻤﺣ ﻪﺧﺮﮐﻭﺩ ﻭﺭﻢﻴ (3, 261)

" To our bikes jump sit down and go we got off."

ﻥﺁ ﺩ ﺖﻔﺷﺁ ﻲﻬﺑﺍﻮﺧ ﺢﺒﺳ ﺎﺗ ﺐﺷﻡﺪﻳ ﺮﭘ ﻭﻡﺪﻳ . (4, 67)

" That's it at night until morning bad dreams

seeing and startled wake up I left."

ﻥﺪﻴﺸﮐ 1 ) to pull; 2) stretch; 3) draw (line, picture);

4) pulling pass (wire); 5) to take out; 6) to disconnect;

7) to himself attraction do not _ 8) to measure; 9)

squeeze; 10) put (food); 11) endure; 12) continued to

reach, to stretch; 13) to six warm _ 14) eat to go 15)

to smoke.

All the meanings of this verb are related to its

main meaning "to pull". The meanings of the verb

ﺸﮐ ﻥﺪﻴ given in the following sentences show that they

all depend on the main meaning.

ﺍﺮﻴﻫﺎﻣ ﺸﮐﺪﻴ ﻟﺎﻗ ﻭﺭﯽ (4,263)

" He took the fish on the carpet ";

ﻦﻳﺍ ﻤﻧ ،ﻡﺩﺮﮐ گﺭﺰﺑ ﻝﺩ ﻥﻮﺧ ﺎﺑ ﺍﺭ ﻪﭽﺑ ﺎﺗ ﻪﺳﻢﻧﺍﺪﻴ ﭼﯽ ﺸﮐﻡﺪﻴ (4,

69)

" What I didn't see until I raised these three

children";

ﻩﺮﻳﺍﺩ ﺍ ی ﻭﺭ ﺎﻗﺁ ﻪﮐی ﺸﮐ ﻪﺘﺨﺗ ﻩﺪﻴ ﻮﻠﺟ ﺩﻮﺑ ی ﺧﺮﭼ ﻢﻤﺸﭼ ﺪﻴ

(3,254)

" The circle drawn on the blackboard began to

spin before my eyes ";

یﺍﺮﺑ ﺸﮐ ﻮﻠﭘ ﺵﺩﻮﺧﺪﻴ ﺏﺎﻘﺸﺑ ﻮﺗ (3,270)

" He put pilaf on his plate ";

ﻪﺷﻮﮔ ﻠﻗ ﺩﺭﺍﺩ ﻭ ﻪﺘﺴﺸﻧ ﻕﺎﺗﺍﻥﺎﻴ ﻣﺪﺸﮑﻴ (4,266)

" He is sitting in the corner of the room smoking

a hookah ";

Cases of such development of meaning can be

seen in the example of the following verbs.

ﻦﺘﻓﺭ raftan1) to walk; to leave to set off; 2) to

approach; 3) flow; 4) sink; 5) to draw, resemble

(someone); 6) turn off; 7) to make a covenant;

ﻢﺘﻓﺭ ﺣ ﻮﺗﻁﺎﻴ ﺎﭘی ﺷ ﺮﻴ (4,255)

" I went to the water pipe in the yard ";

ﻣﻦﮕﻴ ﺮﺑ ﻦﻳ ﻫﺎﻣﯽ ﺭﻮﺨﺑﻦﻳ (4,257)

" They say go and eat fish ";

ﺍﻮﻫ ﺖﻓﺭ ﻢﺳﺎﻧﺮﺧ ﮏﻤﮐ ﻢﮐ (4,254)

" I started snoring slowly ";

ﺑﺍﻮﺧﻥﺪﻴ xābidan 1) to sleep; 2) lie down; 3) return

(swell); 4) stop; 5) calm down;

یﻭﺭ ﺑﺍﻮﺧ ﺖﺨﺗﻡﺪﻴ ﻡﺪﻧﺎﻣ ﺮﻈﺘﻨﻣ ﻭ (3,189)

" I lay down on a tie... ";

ﻢﻤﮑﺷ ﺑﺎﺴﺣ ﯽ ﺑﺍﻮﺧ ﺵﺭﻮﻗ ﻭ ﺭﺎﻗ ﻭ ﺩﺮﮐ ﻡﺩﺪﻴ (3,254)

" My stomach stopped growling ";

ﻦﺘﺧﺍﺪﻧﺍ andāxtan 1) throw; 2) chop down trees; 3)

to walk; 4) write (table); 5) close; 6) peel off; 7)

overturn; 8) mouthing (cheating); 9) mouth. to leave

ﻻﺎﺣ ﻟﺎﻗﺍﺮﻴ ﺣ ﻮﺗ ﻁﺎﻴ ﺩﻮﺑ ﻪﺘﺧﺍﺪﻧﺍ (3,261)

" Andy threw the carpet into the yard ";

ﻥﺯ ﺎﻗﺁی ﺣ

یﺭﺪﻴ ﺖﺧﺍﺪﻧﺍ ﺍﺭ ﻩﺮﻔﺳ (3,269)

" Agoye Haydar's wife set the table ";

ﺑ ﺪﻣﺁ ﻪﻧﺎﺧ ﺭﺩ ﺯﺍ ﻭ ﺵﺮﺳ ﺖﺧﺍﺪﻧﺍ ﺍﺮﺷﺭﺩﺎﭼ ﻥﻭﺮﻴ (4,265)

" He threw his tent on his head and left the house

ﺍﺮﻤﺑﺍﻮﺨﺘﺧﺭ ﺑﺍﻮﺧ ﻭ ﻢﺘﺧﺍﺪﻧﺍﻡﺪﻴ (3,266)

" I was laying down ";

ﻥﺩﺭﻮﺧ xordan 1) eat; 2) to drink; 3) to win; 4)

mouth. to be incomprehensible; 5) to master; 6)

sports. to lose 7) plan; 8) to hit; 9) to touch; 10)

mouth. straighten up

یﺯﻭﺭ ﺭﻮﺨﺑ ﻢﻫ ﮓﻨﻬﻧ ﺎﺗ ﻪﺳی ﭼیﺰﻴ ﻤﻧﻪﺸﻴ (4,256)

" Even if you eat three snacks a day, nothing will

happen ";

ﺶﻘﺣ ﺎﭼ ﺎﺗ ﻭﺩ ﻪﮐ ﺩﻮﺑی ﺎﻣﺮﭘ ﻪﻳ ﺭﻮﺨﺑﻢﻳ ﺩﺭﻮﺨﻧ ﻪﮐﻢﻳ (3,255)

" We had to drink two cups of bitter tea, but we

didn't ";

ﻡﺩﺭﻮﺧ ﺏﺁ ﭗﻠﻗ ﺪﻨﭼ (4,255)

" I drank a couple of sips of water ";

ﺮﺳ ﺎﻬﺘﺸﮕﻧﺍﻢﻳ ﻫﺎﻣ ﻪﺑ ﺩﺭﻮﺧﯽ (4,270)

" I caught a slow fish (my fingers touched the fish)

2) Transfer method.

The meanings developed by this method are less

than those developed by the applied method. In the

development of verb meanings, there is only one way

of transfer - metaphor. In this case, the action specific

to one object is transferred to another.

The meanings of the following verbs also include

transitive meanings. We can see this through the

given examples.

ﻦﺘﺸﮐ koštan 1) to kill; 2) delete; 3) suppress; 4) has

meanings such as extinguish. But in the following

sentence, it can be seen that kill is used figuratively,

not literally.

؟ﺎﺒﺻ ﺍ ﻮﺗ؟ﯽﻳﺎﺠﻨﻳ ﺘﺸﮐ ﻮﻨﻣ ﻪﮐ ﻮﺗﯽ (4,182)

Sabo, are you here? You said you will kill me.

ﻪﮐ ﻡﺩﺮﮐ ﺶﻧﺎﺟ ﻪﺑ ﻥﺎﺟ ﻭ ﻢﺘﺸﮐ ﺍﺮﻣﺩﻮﺧﮏﻳ ﺖﺷﻮﮔ ﺯﺍ ﻩﺭﺫ

ﻫﺎﻣﯽ ﺶﻧﺎﻫﺩ ﻮﺗ ﺩﺭﺍﺬﮕﺑ (3,274)

" I begged him to taste a piece of fish meat."

The verb ﻥﺩﺮﻣ mordan has the meanings to die and

to switch off. But in this example, it means not

physiological death, but to worry, to suffer.

ﻢﺘﺷﺍﺩ ﻧﺍﺮﮕﻧ ﺯﺍ

ﯽ ﻣﻡﺩﺮﻤﻴ (3, 183)

" I couldn't find a place to hide myself from

worry."

ﻦﺘﺧﺎﺳ sāxtan 1) to prepare, produce; 2) build,

create; 3) falsify (documents); 4) to go out (with

someone); 5) has the meaning of agreeing. But it is

true in the following examples it can be seen that it is

used in the sense of coming.

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ﻦﻳﺍ ﭼﺍﺰﻴ ﻤﻧ ﺎﻣ ﻪﺑﻩﺯﺎﺴﻴ (3,257)

" Such things do not suit us ".

ﺮﻫ ﭼیﺰﻴ ﻤﻧ ﺲﮐ ﺮﻫ ﻪﺑ ﻩﺯﺎﺴﻴ (3,271)

" Not everything suits everyone."

ﻥﺪﻧﺍﻮﺧ xāndan verb 1) to read; 2) to learn; 3) to

sing; 4) to call; 5) mouth. to kiss 6) name; 7) has the

same meaning as measuring. Its figurative meaning

of pain is seen in the following example.

ﻢﻴﺴﻧ ﺯ ﻡﺍﺪﻣ ﻢﻫ ﺮﻳ ﻣ ﻢﺷﻮﮔﺪﻧﺍﻮﺨﻴ :... (4,71)

" Nasim was also constantly suffering...".

ﻦﺘﺴﮑﺷ šekastan verb1) to break (to break), to

break (to be broken) of the verb шФстн; 2) break the

law; 3) disturb the peace; 4) has meanings such as

temperature drop. From his in the following sentence

right not to break, but the figurative meaning is

reflected.

ﺎﺑ ﺍﻦﻳ ﺳ ﯽﻠﻴ ﻧﺩ یﺎﻴ ﺯﺎﺒﻳ ﺖﺴﮑﺷ ﻢﻣﻮﺼﻌﻣ ﻭ (4,74)

" That's it a slap with my innocent and beautiful

my world destroyed did ".

ﻦﺘﻓﺭ raftan the verb 1) to walk; to leave to set off;

2) to approach; 3) flow; 4) sink; 5) to draw, resemble

(someone); 6) turn off; 7) in addition to its meanings

such as to make a covenant, its prolific use in a

figurative sense can be seen in the following

sentences.

ﯽﺴﮐ ﻭﺮﺑﺁ .ﺎﻤﺷ ﻪﻧ ،ﺖﺳﺎﻤﺷ ﺮﻫﻮﺷ ﻩﺩﺮﮐ ﺍﺭﺪﺑ ﺭﺎﮐ ﻪﮐی ﮐ ﯽ

ﻣ؟ﺩﻭﺮﻴ (4,77)

" Bad work did your husband, you it's not. Whose

reputation will it spill? "

ﻻﺎﺣ ﺮﺑ ﻪﮐ ﻪﺸﺘﻗﻭ ،ﺪﻧﺍ ﻩﺪﻣﺁ ﻪﻤﻫ ﻪﮐﻢﻳ ﺐﻠﻄﻣ ﻞﺻﺍ ﺮﺳ (3,196)

" When everyone gathers, it's time to move on to

the real goal."

ﺍﻮﻫ ﺖﻓﺭ ﻢﺳﺎﻧﺮﺧ ﮏﻤﮐ ﻢﮐ (3,254)

" I slowly began to snort."

ﺐﻅﺍﻮﻣ ﺗﺵﺎﻬﻐﻴ ﺵﺎﺑﻮﻬﻳ

ﻣﻥﺮﻴ ﺕﻮﻠﮔ ﻮﺗ (3,270)

" Be careful not to let it go down your throat”

ﺪﺑﻻ ﺯ ﻪﺘﻓﺭ ﻥﻮﺘﺒﺷﺭﺩﺎﭼﺮﻳ ﺎﻬﺑﺍﻮﺨﺘﺧﺭ (4,262)

" Maybe your bed sheet laundry between coming

in maybe gone."

In the above sentences, we can see that the verb

ﻦﺘﻓﺭraftan is used in the meaning of pouring out the

reputation, moving on to an issue, making a sound,

leaving something somewhere, something entering

somewhere.

ﻥﺩﺎﺘﻓﺍ oftādan verb 1) to fall; 2) to fall; 3) to go

down; 4) to miss; 5) has the meaning of losing. But in

the following sentences, we see that this verb is used

in a figurative sense.

ﮏﺸﮐ ﻥﺎﻧ ﻥﺎﺟ ﻪﺑ ﻡﺩﺎﺘﻓﺍ ﻖﺷﺎﻗ ﺎﺑ (4,252)

" I took down Nonekeshk ".

ﺖﺳﺩ ﻭﺭ ﺩﺎﺘﻓﺍ ﻢﻠﻌﻣی ﻢﭙﭼ ﻪﻧﺎﺷ (4,254)

" Teacher to my left shoulder down remained ".

ﻦﺘﺧﺍﺪﻧﺍ andāxtan verb 1) throw; 2) chop down

trees; 3) chop wood; 4) write (table); 5) close; 6) to

shed skin; 7) overturn; 8) mouthing (cheating); 9)

mouth. has the meaning of leaving. The following

example shows its figurative meaning.

ﻡﻮﻠﮔ ﻮﺗ ﻢﺘﺧﺍﺪﻧﺍ ﺍﺮﻣﺍﺪﺻ (3,252)

" I shouted."

We can see the transitive meaning of the verb

ﺳﻮﺑ ﻥﺪﻴ busidan " to kiss " in the following example.

ﺵﺍﻮﻳ ﺵﺍﻮﻳ ﺳﻮﺑ ﺍﺮﺘﻟﺎﺠﺧﻡﺪﻴ ﺍﺮﺑ ﻭی ﺸﮐ ﻮﻠﭘ ﻡﺩﻮﺧﻡﺪﻴ (3,272)

Slowly pushed aside the embarrassment and put

myself in a pile of pilaf ".

ﻦﺘﺸﻧ nešastan verb 1) sit down; 2) to cover; 3)

sink; 4) sink; 5) to land; 6) live; 7) decrease; 8) has

meanings such as calm down. We can see its

figurative meaning through the following example.

ﻢﻌﻁ ﻫﺎﻣ ﺏﻮﺧﯽ ﻭﺭی ﺖﺴﺸﻧ ﻢﻧﺎﺑﺯ (3,272)

" I felt the sweet taste of fish."

ﻥﺪﻴﺸﭼ češidan“ to taste ” is used in the following

sentence in a transitive sense.

ﻢﺘﺷﺍﺩ ﺎﺳﺁ ﻩﺰﻣﺍﺮﺸﻳ ﻣﻡﺪﻴﺸﭽﻴ (4,187)

" Peace Nashida I would drive."

ﻥﺪﻳﻭﺩ davidan verb 1) to run; 2) mouth. to rush; 3)

has the meaning of chasing. The following sentence

uses its figurative meaning.

ﻭﺩﺪﻳ ﻣ ﻥﺎﻴ ﻢﻓﺮﺣ (4, 252)

" That's enough."

ﻥﺩﺭﻮﺧ xordan the verb 1) to eat; 2) to drink; 3) to

win; 4) mouth. to speak unintelligibly; 5) to acquire;

6) sports. to lose 7) to the destination to descend 8) hit

to leave; 9) to touch; 10) mouth. right to come has

meanings like The following sentence expresses its

figurative meaning:

ﯽﮑﭘ ﺯ ﺪﻧﺩﺯﺮﻳ ﺪﻧﺩﺭﻮﺧ ﺍﺮﻧﺎﺷ ﻩﺪﻨﺧ ﺩﻭﺯ ﺎﻣﺍ ﻩﺪﻨﺧ (4,272)

" They laughed, but quickly suppressed

themselves ";

ﻥﺪﻴﺸﮐ kešidan verb 1) to pull; 2) stretch; 3) draw

(line, picture); 4) pulling pass (wire); 5) to take out;

6) disconnect to take 7) to himself attraction do not 8)

to measure; 9) squeeze; 10) put (food); 11) endure;

12) continue to reach, to stretch; 13) to six warm 14)

eat to go 15) along with the meaning of smoking, it is

also used in the following figurative sense:

یﺎﻗﺁ ﺣیﺭﺪﻴ ﺸﮐ ﺍﺮﻓﺮﺣﻩﺪﻴ ﻥﺩﺭﻮﺧ ﺍﺬﻏ ﻪﺑ ﺩﻮﺑ (4,255)

" Agoye Haydari turned the conversation to food

ﺍﺮﻀﻳﺮﻣ ﺎﺿﺭ ﻥﻭﺪﺑﺖﻳ ﺯ ﺵﺮﻫﻮﺷ ﺮﻳ ﺗﻎﻴ ﺸﮐ یﺪﻴ (4,113)

" You brought the patient under the knife without

her husband's consent ";

ﻪﻧﻮﺧ ﺸﮐ ﺪﻨﮔ ﻪﺑ ﻭﺭیﺪﻴ (3,259)

" You smelled the whole house ";

ﻡﺪﻴﻨﺷ ﺯﺎﺑ ﻞﺧ ی ﺩﺭﻭﺁ ﺭﺩ ی ﺸﮐ ﻮﺘﮔﺭﺰﺑﺭﺩﺎﻣ ﻭیﺪﻴ ﻪﺳﺭﺪﻣ ﻮﺗ

(3,268)

" I heard that you did something stupid and

brought your grandmother to school";

There are very few simple verbs whose meanings

do not grow from each other. Such a complex

relationship of verbs with one meaning is found

mainly among verbs with three or more meanings.

But such a relationship is also observed in the double-

meaning verb ﺑﻥﺪﻴﺸﺨ baxšidan 1) to give, to give; 2)

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means to forgive. The meaning of this verb can be

expressed as follows:

│1

│2

ﻖﺷ ﻫﺍﻮﺧ ﺕﺭﺬﻌﻣ ﺮﻫ ﺎﺑ ﻭ ﻡﺩﻮﺑ ﻡﺮﻫﻮﺷﯽ ﻣ ﺵﺍ ﺶﻣﺪﻴﺸﺨﺒﻴ

(3,67)

" I loved my husband very much and I forgave

him every time he asked for forgiveness."

The relationship of the meanings of the verb

ﻦﺘﺴﮑﺷ šekastan can be expressed as follows:

1││→ 2 → 3

4│

ﻦﺘﺴﮑﺷ šekastan

1) break (break), break (break); │ → 2) break the

law; → 3) disturb the peace;

4) drop in temperature;│

The second and third meanings are based on the

first meaning. But the fourth meaning of this verb is

not observed to be related to any of the above

meanings.

The meaning of the verb ﻥﺩﺎﺘﻓﺍ oftādan is

expressed as follows

1 │→ 2 → 3

4 │→ 5

ﻥﺩﺎﺘﻓﺍ oftādan

1) to fall; │→2) to fall; →3) to descend;

4) to miss; │→ 5) to lose;

3 CONCLUSION

Polysemy is widespread not only in nouns and

adjectives, but also in verbs, including simple verbs.

In Persian, simple verbs mean from two to ten. Most

of these are verbs with five or more meanings.

There are two types of relations of verbs that are

combined into one meaning: a) one is derived from

the other, b) one is not derived from the other. Many

polysemantic verbs have the first meaning

relationship. Sometimes the meanings of

polysemantic verbs reflect both relationships.

In the case of verbs whose meanings have grown from

each other, the following meanings are connected to

the first meaning one at a time or each of them is

connected independently.

The development of meaning in verb polysemy

follows two methods, the application method and the

transfer method. These two methods are almost equal

(sometimes the application method prevails). In verbs

with three or more meanings, progression by both

methods is also reflected.

In the polysemy of the verb, the main meaning and

the artificial meaning are also distinguished. In the

connection of one of three or more meanings, one can

talk about the primary meaning and the relative

meaning (artificial meaning).

In ambiguous verbs, the problem of primary meaning

and artificial meaning is solved very easily.

If the polysemantic verb does not create homonymy,

there is no room for controversy in defining the main

meaning. If a polysemantic verb creates homonymy,

different ideas can arise in determining the main

meaning.

The meaning that is the basis for the main meaning

(or meanings) of the verb is called the main meaning,

regardless of whether it creates homonymy. We refer

to the meaning born with the development of the main

meaning as artificial meaning.

In verbs with three or more meanings, the main

meaning and artificial meaning are determined

differently. The primary meaning of the verb is the

primary meaning. The rest of the meanings are

artificial in relation to this meaning. But only if the

subsequent meanings have grown from the first

meaning, the relationship of meaning is two-stage

(primary meaning - artificial meanings).

If the meanings are connected to each other, the

meaning in the middle is a false meaning compared

to the previous meaning, and the main meaning is

compared to the next meaning. So, the meaning itself

grew out of another meaning and at the same time

became the ground for the development of a new

meaning. From this, it can be seen that the main

meaning is in the absolute situation and in the relative

situation.

In simple verbs, the primary meaning is usually the

correct meaning.

The meaning of a verb whose meanings have grown

from one another has two meanings: 1) if it has grown

by the method of transfer, it is called a portable

meaning, 2) it has moved by the method of

application if there is, it is evaluated as a gradual

(evolutionary) meaning.

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Mirtojiev M. Polysemy in the Uzbek language. - T.:

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A.Quronbekov. Lexicology of the Persian language. - T.,

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Takin Hamzalu. Afsun-e sabz. – Tehran, 1371.

Hoshang Morodi Kermani. Qesseho-ye Majid. – Tehran,

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Shahlo Sharifi. A cognitive approach to the issue of

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