Recommendations for Designing Information

for People with Dementia: Protocol for a Scoping Review

Rita Maldonado Branco

1,2 a

, Mariana Ramalhete

, Rita Oliveira

3,2 c

, Joana Quental

1,2 d

Oscar Ribeiro

4,5 e

, Oksana Tymoshchuk

3,2 f

and Soraia Teles

5,6 g

Research Institute for Design, Media and Culture (ID+), University of Aveiro,

Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal

Department of Communication and Art, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal

Digital Media and Interaction Research Centre (DigiMedia), Aveiro, Portugal

Department of Education and Psychology, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal

Center for Health Technology and Services Research (CINTESIS@RISE),

Rua Dr. Plácido da Costa, 4200-450, Porto, Portugal

Department of Behavioral Sciences, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Porto (ICBAS-UP),

Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal

Keywords: People with Dementia, Dementia-Tailored Information, Design, Recommendations, Scoping Review.

Abstract: Background: Aligned with the societal efforts for the inclusion and empowerment of people with dementia,

there is a need for targeted information for them. Despite abundant dementia-related information, it often fails

to cater directly to individuals with dementia and lacks tailoring to their needs and capabilities, frequently due

to inadequate design. Objectives: This paper presents the protocol of a study aiming to provide an overview

of recommendations for designing information for people with dementia. Method: A scoping review will be

conducted. Scientific databases and grey literature will be searched using inclusion criteria focused on

recommendations on information design and related design domains for people with dementia. Two reviewers

will perform title, abstract and full-text screening. Data collection will include citation details, source

characteristics, and key findings related to the review objective. Conclusions: The scoping review is

anticipated to deliver a thorough understanding of how to design information resources for individuals with

dementia. The synthesized recommendations are expected to be valuable resources for design practitioners,

dementia care providers, researchers, and organizations involved in interventions for people with dementia.

These contributions are expected to foster equal opportunities for individuals with dementia to access

information, ultimately enhancing their social participation and dignity.

1 INTRODUCTION

Dementia is an umbrella term for multiple and

progressive diseases affecting cognitive abilities and

behaviour (World Health Organization, 2017), with

Alzheimer’s Disease being the most prevalent one.

Dementia affects about 10 million people in Europe,

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7288-3776

https://orcid.org/0009-0009-7588-5070

https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6041-9469

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0590-2666

https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4740-7951

https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8054-8014

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3121-4189

and it is estimated that these numbers will almost

double by 2050 (Alzheimer Europe, 2019). It is

considered a public health priority due to its epidemic

scale, its impact on the person with dementia,

families, and health economies. Dementia is a main

cause of dependency among older people (World

Health Organization, 2017).

Branco, R., Ramalhete, M., Oliveira, R., Quental, J., Ribeiro, O., Tymoshchuk, O. and Teles, S.

Recommendations for Designing Information for People with Dementia: Protocol for a Scoping Review.

DOI: 10.5220/0012702000003699

Paper published under CC license (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0)

In Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Information and Communication Technologies for Ageing Well and e-Health (ICT4AWE 2024), pages 229-236

ISBN: 978-989-758-700-9; ISSN: 2184-4984

229

The World Health Organization calls for a broad-

scale shift in how society views dementia,

encouraging initiatives that actively involve and em-

power individuals with dementia and their caregivers

(World Health Organization, 2017, 2021). To

contribute to their sense of choice, control and worth,

tailored education and information on dementia must

be provided to those who are living with the condition

(Kimzey et al., 2021). Despite the abundance of in-

formation on dementia, particularly web-based,

people with dementia and their informal caregivers

often report feeling overwhelmed and unable to

identify the most suitable and reliable sources (Allen

et al., 2020; Soong et al., 2020; Teles et al., 2021).

Moreover, the inadequacy of content, and its complex

appearance, make navigating and understanding the

information difficult (Soong et al., 2020). These

challenges present a chance for design to contribute,

given its capacity to mediate and tailor information

for diverse audiences. Although there are guidelines

on how to design websites and information for people

with dementia produced by dementia advocacy

groups and associations (The UK Network of

Dementia Voices, 2013b, 2013a; Williams, 2017), the

specific field of designing information for people

with dementia remains scarcely investigated.

This paper presents the protocol for a scoping

review to survey and synthesize recommendations for

tailored information design for people with dementia.

The scoping review method was selected for this

study to provide a comprehensive overview of a

potentially diverse body of literature on this topic.

Protocol publication increases transparency on the

review process, informs the scientific community on

ongoing research and minimizes duplication and

allows to solicit early feedback from a broader

scientific community.

No current or ongoing reviews on the topic were

found on preliminary searches. This scoping study is

part of the ongoing research project “DECOHDE:

Design for a humanised communication of dementia”

to inform the design and development of an

information platform dedicated to people with

dementia.

2 METHOD

This scoping review will follow the Arksey and

O'Malley (Arksey & O’Malley, 2005) framework as

well as the guidelines from the Manual for Evidence

Synthesis of the Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) (Peters

et al., 2020). Findings will be presented in accordance

to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic

Reviews and Meta-Analyses for Scoping Reviews

Checklist (PRISMA-ScR) (Tricco et al., 2018).

The method for conducting this scoping review is

described in the following sub-sections, and com-

prises the steps outlined in Table 1. The protocol was

registered on the Open Science Framework Registries

platform (Branco et al., 2024).

Table 1: Scoping review steps.

Step 1 identify the research question

Step 2

identify relevant studies – definition of search

strateg

and search terms

Step 3

study selection – definition of eligibility

criteria and screenin

rocedure

Step 4 data charting – definition of extracting entities

Step 5 collating, summarizing, and reporting results

2.1 Identify the Research Question

The main research question is: “What are the

recommendations for designing information for

people with dementia?”

Adapted from the PCC (population, concept,

context) framework, the following key elements were

defined as the focus of this study. First, it will be

specific to people with dementia, excluding studies

that refer to the design of information solely for carers

(formal and/or informal). Second, the concept of

recommendation is broadly used to refer to any kind

of guidelines, principles, best practices on how

information is designed to people with dementia.

Third, the practice of designing of information is tied

with the field of information design, concerning “(…)

the process of translating complex, disorganized, or

unstructured data into accessible, useful,

comprehensible information” (Erlhoff & Marshall,

2008, p. 213), which may require the use of research

methodologies from the social sciences in the analysis

and planning phases, as well as practical design skills.

These include skills from several design domains,

such as communication design/graphic design

(related to the configuration of text and images to

communicate messages), digital/interface design

(referring to the mediation and creation of “access

points to digital information” (Erlhoff & Marshall,

2008, p. 225), and interaction design (concerning the

use and relation between people and any type of

products) (Erlhoff & Marshall, 2008).

Due to difficulty of finding specific studies on infor-

mation design, an additional research question

encompassing the related design domains is: “What

recommendations should design practitioners consider

when designing graphic resources or digital products for

ICT4AWE 2024 - 10th International Conference on Information and Communication Technologies for Ageing Well and e-Health

230

people with dementia?” To understand whether any

encountered recommendations during the review were

validated by people with dementia, i.e., whether partici-

pative processes were in place, a sub-question was also

raised: “How were people with dementia involved in the

formulation of design recommendations?”

2.2 Identify Relevant Studies – Search

Strategy

The search strategy targets both scientific databases

and grey literature, particularly documents by

dementia associations (e.g., Alzheimer’s Society),

advocacy groups (e.g., DEEP) and international

agencies (e.g., World Health Organization). This

decision arises from exploratory searches revealing

that grey literature provides substantial and relevant

information on this topic, coupled with the observation

that academic studies on this matter are limited.

Searches will be performed on the following

academic databases: Scopus, Web of Science Core

Collection, Academic Search Complete, Web of

Science Scielo Citation Index and PubMed. Since this

study's main field of knowledge is design, but also

deals with dementia care, information and

communication technologies and human-computer

interaction, Scopus, Web of Science Core Collection

and Academic Search Complete were chosen for its

broad reach and interdisciplinary scope. Being also

interdisciplinary, with a focus on regional journals

from Latin and Central America, Iberia and South

Africa, the Web of Science Scielo Citation Index was

included to diversify the geographic scope of the

studies. PubMed was selected to increase the chances

of identifying relevant studies within the healthcare

sector. The search functions of the selected databases

are similar, facilitating the adaptation of search

strategies from one to another. A complementary

search, based on the same search query (see 2.2.1),

will be conducted on key journals and conference

proceedings, that are not indexed in the databases:

Design for Health Journal, Visible Language Journal;

Design4Health Conference, and Dementia Lab

Conference.

Grey literature search will consider PhD Thesis

and be performed through Web of Science ProQuest.

Only PhD thesis will be included in the search due to

their in-depth contributions (when compared to

Master thesis), and due to the feasibility of the review.

In addition, the web search engine Google (using

incognito window) will be searched using simplified

strings to potentially identify recommendations by

international agencies and dementia associations or

advocacy groups.

2.2.1 Search Terms

To define the search terms, exploratory searches were

performed on Scopus and keywords were identified

from relevant studies. A search query was then

created for all the selected databases; and adapted to

search strings to apply on Google searches.

Given the limited number of results obtained from

the exploratory searches, there was the need of broad-

ening the design domains (e.g., service design, user

experience, user interface, e-health, m-health, usabil-

ity, internet interventions, web-based interventions),

and of adding the mediums where the information is

provided (e.g., website, app, mobile, touchscreen,

brochure, pamphlet, book, information platform).

Interior and environmental design, architecture and

robotics were domains excluded from the scope of

this review. Search terms were grouped into three key

elements of the research question: people with de-

mentia, recommendations and (information-related)

design (Table 2). Query strings for all databases and

Google search are presented in Appendix 1.

Table 2: Search terms.

Key elements Search terms

People with

dementia

dement*, Alzheimer, “neurocognitive

disorder”

Recommend-

dations

recommendation*, guideline*,

requirement*, principle*, best practice*

Information

+ design

(design domains)

“information design”,

“communication design”,

“graphic design”, “visual

communication”, “digital

design”, “web design”,

“interaction

design”, “service

design”; “user interface”,

“user experience”,

usability; ehealth,

mhealth, “internet

intervention*”, “web-

based intervention*”

(medium)

“information

resource”,

“information

platform”,

website, app,

mobile,

touchscreen;

brochure,

pamphlet, book

2.3 Study Selection

2.3.1 Eligibility Criteria

Inclusion and exclusion criteria were defined

considering the key elements from the research

question (Table 3). All study designs will be

considered for search, except if they only consist of a

design process description with no conclusions

Recommendations for Designing Information for People with Dementia: Protocol for a Scoping Review

231

regarding recommendations or guidelines. Opinion

articles, commentaries, journal or conference

editorials, and master thesis will be excluded.

The database search will encompass studies and

documents published in English, Portuguese, and

Spanish, whereas the Google search will only be

conducted in English, due to the feasibility of the

review. There will be no constraints regarding the

publication date (inception to search date).

2.3.2 Screening Procedure

Two reviewers will independently screen the search

results, according to the inclusion and exclusion

criteria, over two rounds: title and abstract screening

followed by a full-text screening of the selected

studies. The software Rayyan (Ouzzani et al., 2016)

will be used to support the screening process in

tracking the decision-making process.

In the Google search, for each search string the

first page of results (around 60 results) will be subject

to screening following the same screening procedure

as for the database searches.

All search results will be imported into Rayyan.

Duplicates will be removed. A pilot screening of 25

sources will be undertaken to test the screening

process, the eligibility criteria and make refinements

if necessary. Titles and abstracts of all search results

will be screened based on inclusion criteria. Motives

for the exclusion of studies will be documented. The

full text of all studies/sources selected at this stage

will be retrieved, and then assessed based on

eligibility criteria. Motives for the exclusion of

sources will be recorded. Any divergences occurring

during the screening process will be solved through

consensus or a third reviewer. Studies authored by

some of the researchers in the team might be included

in the review. In those cases, other researchers in the

team will be asked to act as reviewers. Corresponding

authors of non-available articles will be contacted

during the full-text review process. The selection

process will be fully reported using the PRISMA-ScR

flow diagram (Tricco et al., 2018).

2.4 Data Charting

After selecting the documents to include in the

review, two reviewers will extract the data using a

charting table developed by the research team.

Extraction will be performed independently by one

researcher and verified by another.

The extraction entities for the data charting table

include basic citation details and source characteris-

tics, and key findings related to the research

questions, including details on the recommendations,

information to help contextualizing the recommenda-

tions, and information on whether people with

dementia were involved in processes that led to those

recommendations (Table 4). The charting table will

be subject to a pilot testing, with three selected

sources and refined if necessary. Divergences in the

extraction phase will be solved through meetings to

achieve consensus or by a third reviewer.

Corresponding authors of the included studies may be

contacted to provide information on potentially

missing data.

Table 3: Inclusion and exclusion criteria.

Inclusion Exclusion

population Studies and documents focusing specifically

on information and/or design for people with dementia

concept Studies and documents which include

recommendations, guidelines, principles, requirements,

or best practices for designing for people with dementia

design

domains

Studies and documents on information design

and adjacent design domains, as identified

in the search terms

Studies and documents on interior design,

environments/ environmental design, architecture,

and robotics

types of

sources

Original research (peer-reviewed or not); PhD thesis;

reports, toolkits, guidelines, resources from dementia-

related organisations

Opinion articles, journal or conference editorials,

commentaries, Master thesis

language English, Portuguese, and Spanish for the database

English only for Google search

date

o time span limit, inception to January 2024

ICT4AWE 2024 - 10th International Conference on Information and Communication Technologies for Ageing Well and e-Health

232

Table 4: Extraction entities.

Citation details title, author(s), publication date, outlet

Source

characteristics

country, type of document, aims

/purpose

Context methods, design (-related) domain,

outputs

Recommend-

dations

main topics, details of recommendations

Validation with

people with

dementia

involvement of people with dementia

(Y/N), sample size, design process stage

2.5 Collating, Summarizing and

Reporting the Results

Results regarding the geographic area, date and field

of knowledge distribution and methods used in the

selected sources will be synthesized. Charts or/and

tables may be used to improve the visualization of

results. Regardless of the type of study or document,

the key findings related to the research questions will

be coded, thematically organized, and synthesized.

These will be presented in a summarised list of

recommendations for designing information for

people with dementia. Additionally, conclusions on

the involvement of people with dementia in recom-

mendations will be presented.

3 DISCUSSION

Design can play a crucial role in enhancing the well-

being of individuals with dementia, as advocated in the

World Alzheimer Report 2020 (Fleming et al., 2020).

There has recent growth of research on dementia-

related design (Brankaert & Kenning, 2020; Halsall et

al., 2023; Niedderer et al., 2024; Rodgers, 2022;

Tsekleves & Keady, 2021). Some reviews were found

on design considerations for individuals with

dementia, covering different aspects. While some

aimed at identifying general principles for product

design (Wesselink et al., 2022), and usability and

acceptability of technologies (Holthe et al., 2018),

others focused on barriers, design suggestions and

functionalities of mHealth applications (Engelsma et

al., 2021; Gosak et al., 2023). However, no review was

found specifically focusing on designing information

tailored for people with dementia.

The exploratory searches undertaken to support

the decision-making process in the search query

unveiled the scarcity of studies on information design

for people with dementia, which further supports the

contribution of this review to the field. This review

will identify and focus on studies that have generated

recommendations through their practical experiences

in designing for individuals with dementia within

distinct design research projects. Therefore, it aims to

consolidate and organize dispersed knowledge rele-

vant to information design for people with dementia.

This gap presents an opportunity for researchers and

designers to significantly contribute to improving the

lives of people with dementia by creating accessible,

user-friendly, and relevant information resources.

Aligned with a participatory design approach

(Branco et al., 2017) and with the societal effort of

supporting inclusion and empowerment of people

with dementia, we also seek to understand if recom-

mendations were produced based in projects and

research that involved people with dementia and the

level of their participation, although this will not be

an inclusion criterion.

4 CONCLUSIONS

This scoping review is expected to result in a

synthesis of knowledge on recommendations for

designing information resources for people with

dementia, specially focusing on digital means. By

highlighting the importance of participatory design,

we hope to encourage the involvement of people with

dementia in design processes, ensuring that end

results meet their needs and preferences.

In the short term, the findings from this review

will be utilized to inform our research project to

create an information platform specifically tailored

for people with dementia. In the long term, it is

anticipated that this platform will play a role in

fostering equal opportunities for individuals with

dementia to access information, ultimately enhancing

their social participation and dignity.

Along with the academic dissemination of the fi-

nalised scoping review through the publication of an

article, the research team will adapt the search results

for public dissemination, particularly information

providers and designers, to ensure that the considera-

tions for dementia-friendly practices are incorporated

across various information and web resources, align-

ing with the World Health Organization's vision for a

dementia-inclusive society (2017, 2021).

Recommendations for Designing Information for People with Dementia: Protocol for a Scoping Review

233

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The project DECOHDE and RMB’s work is funded

by national funds through the FCT – Fundação para a

Ciência e a Tecnologia, I.P., under the scope of

2022.03295.PTDC, and of the Institutional CEEC

contract-program FCT-UA, Ref. Cand.

CEECINST/00013/2021.

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APPENDIX

Search strategy and query strings, for both published

and grey literature. Searches performed on 19 January

2024.

Published Literature

database

uer

result

Scopus

( TITLE-ABS-KEY ( dement* OR alzheimer OR "neurocognitive disorder*" ) AND TITLE-ABS-KEY (

recommendation* OR guideline* OR requirement* OR principle* OR "best practice*" ) AND TITLE-ABS-KEY

( "information design" OR "visual communication" OR "communication design" OR "graphic design" OR

"digital design" OR "web design" OR "interaction design" OR "service design" ) OR TITLE-ABS-KEY ( ehealth

OR mhealth OR "internet intervention*" OR "web-based intervention*" ) OR TITLE-ABS-KEY ( "user

interface" OR "user experience" ) OR TITLE-ABS-KEY ( usability ) OR TITLE-ABS-KEY ( website OR

mobile OR app OR "information resource" OR "information platform" OR touchscreen ) OR TITLE-ABS-KEY (

booklet OR pamphlet OR brochure ) AND NOT TITLE-ABS-KEY ( robot* OR environment* OR architectur*

OR "interior design" ) ) AND ( LIMIT-TO ( LANGUAGE , "English" ) OR LIMIT-TO ( LANGUAGE ,

"Portuguese" ) )

682

Web of

Science

Core

Collection

(TS=(dement* OR Alzheimer OR “neurocognitive disorder”) AND TS=(recommendation* OR guideline* OR

requirement* OR principle* OR "best practice*") AND TS=(“information design” OR “visual communication”

OR “communication design” OR “graphic design” OR “digital design” OR “web design” OR “interaction

design” OR “service design" OR “user interface” OR “user experience” OR usability OR ehealth OR mhealth OR

“internet intervention*” OR “web-based intervention*” OR “information resource” OR “information platform”

OR website OR app OR mobile OR touchscreen OR brochure OR pamphlet OR book) NOT TS=(robot* OR

environment* OR architectur* OR "interior design")) AND (LA==("ENGLISH" OR "PORTUGUESE") AND

LA==("ENGLISH" OR "PORTUGUESE"))

611

Academic

Complete

AB ( dement* OR Alzheimer OR “neurocognitive disorder” ) AND AB ( recommendation* OR guideline* OR

requirement* OR principle* OR "best practice*") AND AB ( “information design” OR “visual communication”

OR “communication design” OR “graphic design” OR “digital design” OR “web design” OR “interaction

design” OR “service design" OR “user interface” OR “user experience” OR usability OR ehealth OR mhealth OR

“internet intervention*” OR “web-based intervention*” OR “information resource” OR “information platform”

OR website OR app OR mobile OR touchscreen OR brochure OR pamphlet OR book )

212

Web of

Science

Scielo

Citation

Index

TS=(dement* OR Alzheimer OR “neurocognitive disorder”) AND TS=(“information design” OR “visual

communication” OR “communication design” OR “graphic design” OR “digital design” OR “web design” OR

“interaction design” OR “service design" OR “user interface” OR “user experience” OR usability OR ehealth OR

mhealth OR “internet intervention*” OR “web-based intervention*” OR “information resource” OR “information

platform” OR website OR mobile OR touchscreen OR brochure OR pamphlet OR book)

For the Web of Science Scielo Citation Index there was

the need to make adaptations to the query string, since the

exact query used in Web of Science Core Collection only

yielded 3 results. First, the recommendation-related

search terms resulted were excluded. Second, by

analysing the search results, the search term “app” yielded

results on the unrelated theme of “primary progressive

aphasia”, therefore this term was also removed for the

search on this database.

Recommendations for Designing Information for People with Dementia: Protocol for a Scoping Review

235

PubMed

("dement*"[Title/Abstract] OR "Alzheimer"[Title/Abstract] OR "neurocognitive disorder"[Title/Abstract]) AND

("recommendation*"[Title/Abstract] OR "guideline*"[Title/Abstract] OR "requirement*"[Title/Abstract] OR

"principle*"[Title/Abstract] OR "best practice*"[Title/Abstract] AND ("information design"[Title/Abstract] OR

"visual communication"[Title/Abstract] OR "communication design"[Title/Abstract] OR "graphic

design"[Title/Abstract] OR "digital design"[Title/Abstract] OR "web design"[Title/Abstract] OR "interaction

design"[Title/Abstract] OR "service design"[Title/Abstract] OR "user interface"[Title/Abstract] OR "user

experience"[Title/Abstract] OR "usability"[Title/Abstract] OR "ehealth"[Title/Abstract] OR

"mhealth"[Title/Abstract] OR "internet intervention*"[Title/Abstract] OR "web based

intervention*"[Title/Abstract] OR "information resource"[Title/Abstract] OR "information

platform"[Title/Abstract] OR "website"[Title/Abstract] OR "app"[Title/Abstract] OR "mobile"[Title/Abstract]

OR "touchscreen"[Title/Abstract] OR "brochure"[Title/Abstract] OR "pamphlet"[Title/Abstract] OR

"book"[Title/Abstract])

421

Grey Literature

database query

results

Web of

Science

ProQuest

(TS=(dement* OR Alzheimer OR “neurocognitive disorder”) AND TS=(recommendation* OR

guideline* OR requirement* OR principle* OR “best practice*”) AND TS=(“information design”

OR “visual communication” OR “communication design” OR “graphic design” OR “digital design”

OR “web design” OR “interaction design” OR “service design" OR “user interface” OR “user

experience” OR usability OR ehealth OR mhealth OR “internet intervention*” OR “web-based

intervention*” OR “information resource” OR “information platform” OR website OR app OR

mobile OR touchscreen OR brochure OR pamphlet OR book)) AND (DG==("DOCTORAL"))

and Doctoral (Degree Type) and English or Portuguese (Languages) and English or

Portuguese (Languages)

Google

strings

dementia guidelines “information design”; dementia guidelines “visual communication”; dementia guidelines

“communication design”; dementia guidelines “graphic design”; dementia guidelines “digital design”;

dementia guidelines “web design”; dementia guidelines “interaction design”; dementia guidelines “service

design"; dementia guidelines “user interface”; dementia guidelines “user experience”; dementia guidelines

usability; dementia guidelines ehealth; dementia guidelines mhealth; dementia principles “information

design”; dementia principles “visual communication”; dementia principles “communication design”;

dementia principles “graphic design”; dementia principles “digital design”; dementia principles “web

design”; dementia principles “interaction design”; dementia principles “service design"; dementia principles

“user interface”; dementia principles “user experience”; dementia principles usability; dementia principles

ehealth; dementia principles mhealth.

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