Leveraging Ontologies for Handicraft Business Process Modeling:

Application for the Pastry-Making Domain

Fatma Zohra Rennane

1,2

and Abdelkrim Meziane

Faculty of Computer Science, University of Science and Technologies Houari Boumedien,

Bab Ezzouar, Algiers, Algeria

Multimedia and Information System Division, Research Centre on Scientiﬁc and Technical Information,

Ben Aknoun, Algiers, Algeria

Keywords:

Business Process Model, Ontology, Handicraft, Pastry-Making.

Abstract:

The global business environment changes very fast, forcing organizations to seek ways to improve their op-

erational efﬁciency, cut costs, and enhance their decision-making. Optimizing performance is possible only

with a clear understanding of how work gets done. It is here that well-deﬁned business processes become

very instrumental. However, for an organization to understand, evaluate, and eventually improve its processes,

it is important that they model them in the ﬁrst place. Traditional modeling techniques, such as BPMN and

UML, provide a standard framework of visual and graphical representation for these processes. Most of these

methods, however, fall short of capturing domain knowledge. The evolution of semantic web technologies

has necessitated ontology-based business process modeling, which provides meaningful representations for

business processes through the integration of ontologies. In this paper, an ontology-based business process

model (OBPM) of the handicraft domain is presented focusing on the pastry-making ﬁeld.

1 INTRODUCTION

The dynamic and competitive nature of the modern

business environment, including the handicraft sector

in the Maghreb region, requires organizations to con-

tinuously improve their operational efﬁciency, reduce

costs, increase decision-making capacity, and provide

customers with high-quality products and services.

To achieve these goals, the concept of business pro-

cess management has emerged.

Business process management (BPM) system or

methodology has been proven to be one of the

most effective methodologies to improve the efﬁ-

ciency and performance of organizations (Ongena and

Ravesteyn, 2020), (Su

sa Vugec et al., 2019). It is

also deﬁned as a holistic approach providing con-

cepts, methods, and techniques to support the design,

administration, conﬁguration, enactment, and analy-

sis of business processes in order to achieve strategic

objectives and meet customers’ needs (Weske et al.,

2007). As a management discipline, BPM empha-

sizes business processes’ importance to achieving the

organization’s objectives by improving, continuously

managing, and governing them (Jeston, 2014).

Central to BPM is Business process modeling

(BPMo), which involves creating visual representa-

tions of an organization’s processes to understand and

analyze them, using tools like ﬂowcharts and dia-

grams. Literature shows that there are many busi-

ness process modeling standards, techniques, lan-

guages, and tools, such as Uniﬁed Modelling Lan-

guage (UML) (Object Management Group, 2017)

and Business Process Management Notation (BPMN)

(Object Management Group, 2011). However, these

techniques have some drawbacks and limitations such

as providing graphical elements containing only tex-

tual information with no formal semantics (Hepp

et al., 2005). To address these limitations, the use of

ontologies in business process modeling has emerged

as a promising approach.

Through ontologies, a shared conceptualization

can be speciﬁed formally and explicitly. An ontology

deﬁnes the concepts, relationships, and rules that gov-

ern business processes within an organization, ensur-

ing that all stakeholders and systems share a common

understanding of those processes. The use of ontolo-

gies enables advanced functionalities like reasoning,

knowledge discovery, and semantic interoperability,

which are critical for achieving more efﬁcient and ef-

fective business operations (Born et al., 2008).

226

Rennane, F. and Meziane, A.

Leveraging Ontologies for Handicraft Business Process Modeling: Application for the Pastry-Making Domain.

DOI: 10.5220/0012943000003825

Paper published under CC license (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0)

In Proceedings of the 20th International Conference on Web Information Systems and Technologies (WEBIST 2024), pages 226-233

ISBN: 978-989-758-718-4; ISSN: 2184-3252

This research focuses on how women engaged in

handicrafts in developing or emerging regions make

use of modern technology to foster creativity and

business initiatives. It is intended to introduce a

personalized ontology-based framework facilitating

both training and customized organizational solutions

for handicraft women (Rennane and Meziane, 2023).

The handicraft domain, characterized by the produc-

tion of unique, handmade goods, presents distinct

challenges and opportunities for process optimiza-

tion. For instance, a speciﬁc application of ontology-

based modeling within the handicraft domain can be

seen in the pastry-making process. By developing an

ontology-based pastry-making process model, busi-

nesses can achieve a more systematic approach to pro-

duction, ensuring consistency and quality in the ﬁnal

products. This model not only captures the intricate

steps involved in pastry making but also integrates

knowledge about ingredients, techniques, and equip-

ment, facilitating better training, process improve-

ment, and innovation in the ﬁeld.

The remainder of this paper is organized as fol-

lows: Section 2 presents a comprehensive review

of existing research and studies on business process

modeling, as well as ontologies for the handicraft and

culinary domains. Section 3 details the ontology de-

velopment process used in this study. Section 4 out-

lines the proposed elements of the ontology. Section

5 focuses on the validation phase. Finally, Section 6

concludes the paper and suggests directions for future

research.

2 RELATED WORK

A well-deﬁned set of business processes plays a key

role in the success of any organization. A business

process is deﬁned as a set of logically related and

structured activities or tasks that produce a speciﬁc

product or service for a particular customer or mar-

ket (Davenport and Short, 1998). These processes

serve as the fundamental building blocks that spec-

ify how work is done within a company, guarantee-

ing that tasks are completed effectively and consis-

tently. Modeling these processes is essential for an-

alyzing, simulating, improving, and automating them

(Rospocher et al., 2014).

Process modeling is an approach for describing

how businesses operate, it includes graphical repre-

sentations of the activities, events, and instructions

composing a business process (Recker et al., 2009).

Popular BPMo methodologies include Business Pro-

cess Model and Notation (BPMN), Uniﬁed Modeling

Language (UML), and Event-driven Process Chain

(EPC) (Weske, 2007). BPMN, in particular, is widely

adopted due to its standardization, modeling capabil-

ities, graphical clarity, and strong tool support (Wang

et al., 2006).

While traditional business process modeling

methods provide initial advantages, they have limi-

tations, particularly regarding semantic precision and

interoperability, they typically lack the ability to in-

tegrate semantic context and knowledge representa-

tion, which are essential for capturing the subtleties

of domain-speciﬁc processes such as the handicraft

domain (Ko et al., 2009).

Given the limitations of traditional BPMo meth-

ods, the integration of ontologies into business pro-

cess modeling has emerged as a beneﬁcial approach

in current research. Ontologies, recognized for their

structured information management and ability to link

concepts, offer sophisticated capabilities for semantic

modeling (Gruber, 1995). They enable precise repre-

sentation of domain knowledge, facilitating detailed

and ﬂexible modeling of complex processes.

Research regarding the integration of ontologies

in business process modeling has different aspects.

Some studies use ontologies to deﬁne notations of

business process modeling languages (Jenz, 2003)

(Di Francescomarino et al., 2009). Koschmider and

Oberweis (Koschmider and Oberweis, 2005) deﬁne

ontologies of Petri nets for business process model-

ing and automation. Additionally, BPMN Ontology

(Natschl

ager, 2011) and BBO (Annane et al., 2019)

aim to formulize BPMN concepts in ontologies to

support semantic understanding and interoperability.

In addition, some research has been carried out on the

development of general business process ontologies

such as (Pedrinaci et al., 2008), and PSL (Schlenoff

et al., 2000) which provide the primitive concepts that

are adequate for describing basic business processes.

Furthermore, signiﬁcant efforts exist to stan-

dardize ontologies for speciﬁc business processes

across industries. For instance, Industrial Ontologies

Foundry (IOF) provides ontologies and data mod-

els to improve interoperability among manufactur-

ing systems (Drobnjakovic et al., 2022). The Supply

Chain Reference Ontology (SCRO) (Wallace, 2021),

and Supply Chain ONTology (SCONTO) (Vegetti

et al., 2021) focuses on supply chain processes, pro-

viding a detailed representation to improve supply

chain management and optimization. These ontolo-

gies provide structured representations of both gen-

eral and domain-speciﬁc processes.

On the other hand, the handicraft domain en-

compasses a rich tapestry of traditional skills and

techniques, representing a signiﬁcant sector in many

economies, particularly in developing countries.

Leveraging Ontologies for Handicraft Business Process Modeling: Application for the Pastry-Making Domain

227

Many ontologies have been proposed in the handicraft

domain such as Ifugao Weaving Ontology (IWO)

(Villafranca et al., 2022), Terengganu brassware on-

tology (Isa et al., 2020), and Tujia brocade ontology

(Zhao et al., 2017). These studies focus on preserv-

ing the cultural heritage and serving as a model for

designing knowledge bases.

Moreover, in the culinary domain deﬁned as a

subset of the handicraft domain, several ontologies

have been proposed. For instance, FoodOn ontol-

ogy (Dooley et al., 2018) provides semantics for a

variety of food-related topics, including food produc-

tion, culinary and chemical ingredients, and process-

ing. While authors in (Markantonatou et al., 2021)

modeled the domains of dishes appearing in various

diverse menus. Additionally, numerous notable ex-

amples of cooking recipe ontologies exist. Villarias

(Villarias, 2004) developed an ontology for cooking

recipes intended for use with a semantic web querying

system, and Batista (Batista et al., 2006) created and

implemented an ontology for the cooking domain, en-

compassing concepts like actions, food, recipes, and

utensils. Moreover, authors in (Sam et al., 2014) in-

troduced an ontology for culinary processes deﬁned

in recipes. Since there is no consensus on a standard

ontology for modeling handicraft business processes,

this study aims to contribute to this area by focusing

on the domain of pastry-making.

3 THE ONTOLOGY

DEVELOPMENT PROCESS

This research work is based on a research project that

explores how women involved in handicrafts in the

Maghreb region utilize modern technologies to en-

hance their creativity and business ventures. This

study aims to introduce a customized framework uti-

lizing ontology, which supports tailored training and

organizational solutions for women in the handicraft

industry. Modeling the handicraft business process

within this framework offers several beneﬁts. It en-

ables a structured representation of production meth-

ods, materials, and artisan techniques. Addition-

ally, the ontology facilitates knowledge capture and

transfer within the community, preserving traditional

craftsmanship while integrating modern techniques.

Moreover, by modeling the business process, the

framework can identify areas for innovation, skill

development, and business expansion, empowering

women artisans to thrive in a competitive market land-

scape.

This paper focuses on the pastry-making domain

as a handicraft business process, where a recipe is

Figure 1: TastAtlas website Food ranking.

Figure 2: The Ontology building process.

organized into phases of the cooking process, each

phase consisting of a sequence of ordered tasks. Each

task includes an action and details about the necessary

and resulting ingredients, along with the duration of

each step. Furthermore, recipes are classiﬁed and in-

clude lists of ingredients and required utensils. Given

the rich cultural heritage and regional signiﬁcance of

traditional pastries, it is important to select a represen-

tative and notable example. The choice of modeling

the Algerian Makrout Louz recipe is signiﬁcant, as it

is ranked in the top three according to the TasteAt-

las

website (Figure 1), highlighting its cultural and

culinary importance in the Maghreb region.

Ontology construction in this paper involved two

main stages: knowledge acquisition and ontology

construction as depicted in Figure 2.

https://www.tasteatlas.com/best/foods-by-category

WEBIST 2024 - 20th International Conference on Web Information Systems and Technologies

228

3.1 Knowledge Acquisition

During the knowledge acquisition phase, crucial in-

formation for developing the ontology was collected

from various reliable sources, including recent liter-

ature and guidelines, as well as interviews with 77

women engaged in handicrafts from different back-

grounds coming from both rural and urban areas.

These interviews concentrate primarily on gathering

socio-demographic information, understanding the

nature of craft production, detailing the production

process, identifying the tools used for coordination

and communication, and uncovering implicit needs.

3.2 Ontology Construction

Different research groups have pursued a variety of

approaches to facilitate the process of ontology en-

gineering in the realm of ontology design, leading

to the proposal of several different methodologies

(Fern

andez-L

opez et al., 1997) (De Nicola et al.,

2009)(Staab et al., 2001), each of which is based on

the following steps:

3.2.1 Speciﬁcation Phase

This phase states the scope and the purpose of build-

ing the ontology. The main objective of the pro-

posed ontology is to capture the essential elements

within a generic business process, with a particular

focus on the production of handicraft items. Within

this generic framework, a specialized ontology for the

pastry-making business process, speciﬁcally focusing

on the Algerian Makrout Louz recipe, is integrated to

address the detailed nuances of this domain.

3.2.2 Conceptualization

Conceptualization is the process of abstracting and

organizing the key concepts and relationships within

the domain into a coherent ontology. In this phase,

the core elements relevant to the business process are

identiﬁed and deﬁned, such as materials, tools, arti-

sans, production steps, and skills. Pastry-making pro-

cesses, such as the Makrout-making process, must in-

dicate ingredients, equipment, and steps.

3.2.3 Formalization

This phase consists of transforming the outcome of

the previous action into a formalized model using an

appropriate ontology language. Various formalism

approaches are available for this purpose, including

RDF

(Resource Description Framework), which al-

https://www.w3.org/RDF/

lows for the representation of information about re-

sources on the web, and SKOS

(Simple Knowl-

edge Organization System), which is used for link-

ing, merging, and enriching knowledge organization

systems. Each of these formalisms provides different

levels of expressiveness and ﬂexibility to cater to a

variety of modeling needs.

In this study, we use OWL

(Web Ontology Lan-

guage), which is widely accepted as one of the most

utilized ontology languages. OWL offers a structured

way to represent knowledge and deﬁne relationships

between entities, making it a robust choice for devel-

oping comprehensive and interoperable ontologies.

3.2.4 Implementation

The implementation phase of ontology development

requires an appropriate tool that facilitates ontology

modeling, editing, visualization, and reasoning. The

Prot

framework is used in this paper since it pro-

vides a comprehensive set of features and functional-

ities that assist in developing and managing ontolo-

gies.

3.2.5 Validation

The validation of an ontology ensures its correctness,

completeness, and compliance with its design. This

is achieved by testing the ontology against predeﬁned

criteria to detect any inconsistencies, or errors that re-

quire correction.

4 THE PROPOSED ONTOLOGY

4.1 The Upper Ontology

The generic ontology illustrated in Figure 3 is an

upper-level ontology that captures the fundamental

entities for describing a handicraft business process.

The proposed ontology focuses on the generic pro-

duction process for the handicraft product.

4.2 The Ingredient Sub-Ontology

This sub-ontology is a specialized branch of the in-

gredient ontology focused speciﬁcally on substances

used in pastry making. It categorizes ingredients com-

monly found in pastry recipes such as ﬂour, sugar,

butter, eggs, and various ﬂavorings like vanilla extract

https://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/

https://www.w3.org/OWL/

https://protege.stanford.edu/

Leveraging Ontologies for Handicraft Business Process Modeling: Application for the Pastry-Making Domain

229

Figure 3: The Handicraft Business Process Ontology.

Figure 4: The ingredient Ontology.

Figure 5: The Utensil Ontology.

or cocoa powder. Each ingredient is deﬁned as an en-

tity with properties describing its characteristics (Fig-

ure 4).

4.3 The Utensil Sub-Ontology

The Utensil sub-ontology shown in Figure 5 describes

all kitchen tools and equipment necessary for prepar-

ing recipes. It encompasses a range of utensils such as

knives, pans, mixing bowls, and specialized tools like

blenders or pastry brushes. Each utensil is deﬁned

as an entity within the ontology, with properties de-

scribing its material composition, size, capacity, and

speciﬁc uses.

4.4 The Recipe Instruction

Sub-Ontology

This recipe instruction sub-ontology depicted in Fig-

ure 6 represents the steps required in preparing a

pastry recipe speciﬁcally organized into two major

classes: phases and steps. Phases represent broader

stages like preparation or baking, while steps are the

individual actions within each phase. It speciﬁes at-

tributes like duration and temperature and indicates

the order of steps.

Figure 6: The Recipe instructions Ontology.

4.5 The Pastry-Making Sub-Ontology

This sub-ontology provides a detailed representation

of the Makrout Louz recipe instantiation depicted in

Figure 7.

5 VALIDATION

The validation stage in the ontology development pro-

cess is vital for ensuring the ontology’s quality, accu-

racy, and reliability. This step involves various tests

and evaluations to assess the ontology against prede-

ﬁned criteria and requirements. This paper focuses on

two key validation strategies: consistency checking

and rule-based reasoning. These methods help verify

that the ontology functions correctly and meets the in-

tended standards.

5.1 Consistency Checking

As part of this strategy, consistency checking is con-

ducted to verify the logical coherence of the ontology.

It involves examining the deﬁned axioms to ensure

there are no contradictory or inconsistent elements in

the ontology’s logic. For this purpose, the Pellet rea-

soner is used (Sirin et al., 2007) as seen in Figure

8. The ﬁgure indicates that no inconsistencies were

found when the reasoner was applied, conﬁrming the

logical coherence of the ontology. The ﬁgure also

provides a breakdown of the ontology’s components,

including the number of axioms, classes, object prop-

erties, data properties, and individuals.

5.2 Rule-Based Reasoning

In rule-based reasoning, a set of predeﬁned rules is

used as a basis for drawing conclusions from facts or

assertions. It works by applying a set of predeﬁned

rules, often expressed as ”if-then” statements, to ana-

lyze information and derive new insights. The Seman-

tic Web Rule Language (SWRL)

is a crucial formal-

https://www.w3.org/submissions/SWRL/

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230

Figure 7: Excerpt of the Makrout Louz Recipe Ontology.

Figure 8: Consistency checking and ontology metrics.

ism for expressing knowledge through rules. SWRL

is employed to deﬁne inference rules within knowl-

edge models represented in OWL in a semantically

consistent manner (Ye et al., 2015). In this study, the

ontology model has been enhanced with a set of rules,

as shown in Figure 9.

These rules are used to draw additional conclu-

sions, as shown in Figure 10, which depicts the order

of steps. They also answer speciﬁc competency ques-

tions, such as: What ingredients are needed for this

recipe? What are the sequential phases involved in the

preparation of Makrout El Louz Recipe? What is the

sequence of steps for preparing the dough? To illus-

trate and answer these competency questions, we used

the SNAP SPARQL Query plugin in Prot

e (Hor-

ridge and Musen, 2016). The results are depicted in

Figures 11, 12, and 13, respectively.

6 CONCLUSIONS

This paper proposes a handicraft business process on-

tology, focusing speciﬁcally on the Algerian Makrout

Louz recipe from the pastry-making domain. This

ontology structures and represents all of the intrica-

cies issued from the Makrout Louz recipe, from its

ingredients and utensils to the step-by-step process.

As future works, there is an evident opportunity for

the extension of this ontology to cover a wider va-

riety of recipes and integrate with other handicraft

domains. Moreover, it could also integrate with the

sociocultural context ontology to provide a ground-

ing able to represent more comprehensively the cul-

tural and social dimensions in the handicraft produc-

tion process. It could be an ontology that would serve

many applications, from recipe recommender systems

to cultural-heritage-related use cases.

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