Studying Land Evolution Patterns and Influencing Factors in Wuhan

City over the Past 40 Years Using Remote Sensing

Junting Gan

Nanjing Foreign Language school, Nanjing 210000, China

Keywords: Remote Sensing, Land Use Land Cover, Urban Development, Wuhan, Geographic Information System.

Abstract: Land Use and Land Cover (LULC) refers to the classification of land cover into distinct usage types, which

is crucial for urban planning. This study takes the capital of Hubei Province – Wuhan – as an example to

analyze the land evolution patterns and influencing factors over the past forty years via remote sensing

techniques. The land cover of Wuhan in 1985, 1990, 2005, and 2020 is classified into five categories:

farmland, vegetation, water body, built-up area, and bare land in this study. Landsat satellite imagery was

processed through supervised classification algorithms in QGIS to create LULC maps of the four years. The

results of land classification indicate a continuous increase in built-up areas, which corresponds to rapid urban

growth, while farmland and water bodies have seen a slight decline over time. The amount of vegetation

declined from 1985 to 2005 before it increased recently in accordance with the central government's efforts

to promote sustainable development in the twenty-first century. The paper demonstrates how sociopolitical

factors, such as the "reform and opening-up" policies, creation of development zones, and large-scale

infrastructure projects, have shaped Wuhan's land evolution patterns. Furthermore, the findings present the

twenty-first-century shift in the government’s development priorities from fast industrial expansion to

sustainable high-tech sectors. Through analysing these shifts, the study offers insightful information about the

influencing factors of urban transformation, emphasizing the significance of strategic planning and policy

adaptation to meet changing urban requirements.

1 INTRODUCTION

Human settlement has an expansive nature. People

tend to gather and settle in regions with climatic or

geographical advantages. As production increases

and surplus occurs, non-food-producing populations,

which are liberated to specialize in activities other

than food production, could be supported. In this

context, the technology and production capabilities

will significantly improve. Over time, societies have

formed and trade prevailed, attracting more people to

move into “urban” areas. Consequently, the demand

for residential, commercial, and industrial spaces

would motivate the settlement, or “urban areas,” to

extend to previously unexploited regions, a process

that is regarded as “urbanization.” The late twentieth

and the twenty-first centuries are a golden time for

development. Throughout the last 40 years,

developing countries around the globe, such as India

and China, have been experiencing rapid growth.

https://orcid.org/0009-0007-8572-6351

Cities have undergone enormous changes in their

physical, social, and economic landscapes (Gries and

Grundmann, 2018).

Urban development and land evolution are two

interdependent concepts. Urbanization leads to

profound changes in land use and land cover (often

referred to as LULC), often resulting in the

conversion of natural landscapes into built

environments, which alters the composition and

function of the land surface. Meanwhile, changes in

LULC, such as the conversion of agricultural land to

urban built-up areas, deforestation, and construction

of infrastructure, reflect the evolving needs and

priorities of urban settlements. These changes can

sometimes induce severe environmental and

ecological damages (Habibi, 2011), making it

essential for scientists to monitor and analyze land

evolution patterns to inform policy and decision-

making processes.

Gan, J.

Studying Land Evolution Patterns and Inﬂuencing Factors in Wuhan City over the Past 40 Years Using Remote Sensing.

DOI: 10.5220/0013018200004601

Paper published under CC license (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0)

In Proceedings of the 1st International Conference on Innovations in Applied Mathematics, Physics and Astronomy (IAMPA 2024), pages 179-187

ISBN: 978-989-758-722-1

179

Traditional land-monitoring methods, such as

ground surveys, are typically time-consuming and

resource-intensive, while providing only localized

snapshots of larger areas. Contrary to that, remote

sensing offers a synoptic view that can cover

extensive regions and produce frequent updates. It is

efficient, accurate, and highly customizable.

Researchers can conduct their research by inputting

the corresponding geographical coordinates and time

span to obtain data related to the target study area.

This relatively new measure is the process of

acquiring information about the Earth's surface

without making physical contact with it. It is achieved

through the use of satellite or aerial imagery that

includes various spectral bands. After being

processed by suitable procedures, satellite images

would reveal specific characteristics about Earth’s

surface. Its ability to provide detailed, up-to-date data

on LULC makes it an invaluable tool when studying

urban development.

When processed using software such as QGIS and

ArcGIS Pro, remote sensing data allows for land

classification, which involves categorizing pixels in

satellite images into distinct land cover types. This

classification is achieved through algorithms that

identify patterns in the spectral data and then assign

land cover types based on these patterns. Researchers

can create detailed maps that visualize changes in

LULC over time in such a context, thus interpreting

the spatial distribution of land cover types and

identifying trends in land evolution.

Wuhan is a major city in Central China. Taking

Wuhan City as an example, this paper utilizes remote

sensing methods, particularly land classification, to

investigate the patterns and influencing factors of

land evolution over the past 40 years, contributing to

the broader understanding of urban land dynamics.

2 BACKGROUND OF WUHAN

CITY

Wuhan City, the capital of Hubei Province, is steeped

in historical significance and contemporary relevance

(Figure 1). Spreading approximately 8494 square

kilometers, Wuhan City comprises three distinctive

towns: Wuchang, Hankou, and Hanyang. One of the

critical factors driving the city’s development was its

strategic location. Wuhan was located at the

intersection of the Beijing-Guangzhou Railway and

the Wuhan-Jiujiang Railway, as well as the

confluence of the Han River and the Yangtze River.

As a major railway and waterway junction, the city

has leveraged its logistical advantages to boost

regional resource circulation, serving as a critical

gateway connecting the eastern coastal regions with

the interior provinces of China. The construction of

several bridges that span the Yangtze River since the

1950s have also solidified Wuhan’s role as a

transportation nexus in Central China.

Figure 1: Wuhan’s Location in China. (File:Wuhan-

location-MAP-in-Hubei-Province-in-China.jpg -

Wikimedia Commons, 2022).

Over the past 40 years, Wuhan has experienced

dramatic change. It has evolved from a small,

regional industrial hub into a thriving metropolis with

a robust economy. The city’s rapid growth can be

traced back to the adoption of China’s reform and

opening-up policies in the early 1980s. The set of

reforms, first proposed in 1978 by Deng Xiaoping,

leader of the Communist Party of China (CPC) at that

time, marked an era of rapid industrialization and

modernization across the nation. In the beginning,

Wuhan was dominated by heavy industries,

particularly steel-making and automotive

manufacturing. Wuhan’s population grew steadily in

this period as people began to relocate to urban areas

in search of relatively high-paid jobs. The 1991

establishment of the Wuhan Economic and

Technological Development Zone (WEDZ) was a

great leap forward in the development of the city. The

Development Zone sparked the growth of traditional

and high-tech industries, including electronics and

information technologies. It also attracted foreign

investments. The 1990s also witnessed a massive

investment in public transit, new highways, and

bridges over rivers. The increased spending in

infrastructure were approved by the government to

accommodate the city’s growing population and

increased civic engagement. In the 2000s, Wuhan’s

economy saw substantial modernization and

IAMPA 2024 - International Conference on Innovations in Applied Mathematics, Physics and Astronomy

180

adaptation. There existed a growing emphasis on

developing high-value industries such as

biotechnology. Meanwhile, Wuhan was included in

the Rise of Central China Plan, a strategic project first

proposed in 2004 to foster development in Central

China. The Plan also emphasized on environmental

issues, and transformed Wuhan to a sustainable track

(Wang et al, 2022). The city has successfully shifted

to high-tech industries and services in the twenty-first

century, establishing the Optics Valley of China

(OVC) as a symbol. Situated in Wuhan’s East Lake

High-Tech Development Zone, the OVC has become

a leading center for innovation and technology that

houses numerous research institutions, universities,

and high-tech enterprises.

Throughout these decades, Wuhan’s structural

transformation from a regional center to a metropolis

has induced change in the city’s landscape, altering

LULC situation. Total area of wetland, for instance,

have been declining since the 1980s due to economic

development (Xu et al., 2010). Such an evolution

makes Wuhan City an ideal case study for examining

the change patterns and the influencing factors.

3 METHODS

This research is based on Landsat satellite imagery.

To study land evolution patterns in Wuhan City over

the past 40 years, 4 unique years are chosen: 1985,

1990, 2005, and 2020, each representing key periods

in the city’s development trajectory. 1985 marks an

early stage in Wuhan's urban development when the

reform-and-opening-up policy just came into effect.

By 1990, Wuhan had begun experiencing more

significant urban growth reflecting economic

reforms' early impacts. The year 2005 captures the

continued expansion and urbanization during a period

of rapid economic development in China, especially

a witness to the transition from heavy industries to

high-tech industries. Most recent data from 2020

allows for the assessment of the current state of urban

growth and comparison with previous decades, which

are invaluable for interpreting the long-term trends in

LULC.

3.1 Data Acquisition and Preprocessing

The research utilized Landsat 5 images for the years

1985, 1990, and 2005, and Landsat 8 images for year

2020. Related data were downloaded from Geospatial

Data Cloud official website. The selected imagery

included seven spectral bands for Landsat 5 and eight

bands for Landsat 8, which provided the necessary

spectral resolution for accurate land cover

classification. Three satellite images are required to

cover the study area. The next step is to stitch the

three images together and create a seamless

composite image that could cover the entire Wuhan

City (Figure 2a). After using the “Mosaic To New

Raster” feature from the ArcGIS tool box, the image

that fully covers Wuhan City is obtained, as shown in

figure. To make the data more concise, the specific

region corresponding to Wuhan City is extracted after

creating the mosaic. The Wuhan City administrative

boundary shapefile was used to guide the cropping

process, serving as input data when using the “Clip”

tool from ArcGIS Analysis Toolbox. The cropping

operation was then performed automatically to

extract the digital elevation model (DEM) of Wuhan

City from the larger composite image. This step

ensured that the analysis was confined precisely to the

geographical boundaries of the city, so as to produce

a focused and relevant dataset for subsequent land

cover classification and analysis (Figure 2b).

Figure 2: (a) Mosaicking 3 images to fully cover Wuhan;

(b) Cropping out Wuhan City (Picture credit: Original).

After obtaining the cropped data of 4 years, a

supervised classification is conducted in QGIS

version 3.36.2. In the supervised classification

process, regions of interest (ROIs) were selected

manually to serve as training input for the

classification algorithm. Such a process was

accomplished through the Semi-Automatic

Studying Land Evolution Patterns and Inﬂuencing Factors in Wuhan City over the Past 40 Years Using Remote Sensing

181

Classification plugin (SCP) in QGIS, a feature that

classifies land cover types based on user-input

training data.

3.2 Land classification

This study classifies land cover into five distinct

categories: farmland, vegetation, water body, built-up

area, and bare land. Since the processing procedure

for each category is consistent, this part uses the

creation of ROIs for water bodies as an example for

detailed interpretation. Using the drawing tools

provided by the SCP plugin, polygons could be

created around representative samples of water

bodies. In Figure 3, for example, the orange polygon

has been drawn to encompass areas identified as

water bodies.

Figure 3: Example of Water Body ROI City (Picture credit:

Original).

The selected ROIs are then added to the SCP

plugin's ROI list. Each ROI is assigned a unique ID

and labeled with the category name, in this case,

"Water Body." The ROIs are then saved as part of the

SCP training layer.

It is noted that precision in delineating ROIs is

critical in the classification process. Comparing the

selected ROIs with true-color satellite maps (Figure

4a) or maps generated from other band compositions

can ensure the effectiveness of input ROI. In this case,

the Normalized Difference Water Index (NDWI),

which highlights water bodies using green and near-

infrared bands (Figure 4b), can help distinguish lakes

and rivers from other land cover types. The precise

boundaries of water bodies can be confirmed by

further overlaying the NDWI map with true-color

composite.

After all these ROIs have been manually created

and checked, the next step was running the

classification algorithm. The “Maximum Likelihood

Classification” algorithm is applied in the calculation.

At last, small adjustments were made, including

smoothing, filtering, and even reclassifying to ensure

accuracy and clarity of the classification. Repeat this

process four times, and the land classification map for

the years 1985, 1990, 2005, and 2020 are created

(Figure 5).

Figure 4: (a) Wuhan City true color satellite map from Google Map; (b) NDWI map of Wuhan City (1985) City (Picture

credit: Original).

IAMPA 2024 - International Conference on Innovations in Applied Mathematics, Physics and Astronomy

182

Figure 5: Land Use and Land Cover Map of Wuhan City (Picture credit: Original).

4 RESULTS

Through the LULC maps for Wuhan City for the

years 1985, 1990, 2005, and 2020 presented above,

we can observe the following results.

4.1 Land Use Distribution Across

Years

In 1985, the LULC in Wuhan City were primarily

dominated by farmland, which covered an area of

6472.990 km² (75.4834% of the total land).

Vegetation areas comprised 597.549 km² (6.9682%).

Water bodies, including rivers and lakes, occupied

1214.230 km² (14.1595%). Built-up areas, which

include urban and developed regions, covered

289.022 km² (3.3704%). Bare land was minimal, with

an area of 1.594 km² (0.0186%).

By 1990, farmland remained the predominant

land use, covering 6346.680 km² (74.0104%) of the

total area. Vegetation areas slightly increased to

601.958 km² (7.0196%). Water bodies expanded to

1298.890 km² (15.1467%). The built-up area also saw

an increase in area, reaching 326.217 km² or 3.8021%

of the land. Bare land remained minimal, covering

1.639 km² (0.0191%) of the total land.

Studying Land Evolution Patterns and Inﬂuencing Factors in Wuhan City over the Past 40 Years Using Remote Sensing

183

In 2005, farmland covered 6181.440 km²

(72.0836%). Vegetation areas decreased to 515.572

km² (6.0122%) and water bodies slightly decreased to

1233.530 (14.3846%). The built-up area saw a

notable increase, covering 644.092 km² (7.5109%).

Bare land was still almost negligible, with an area of

0.745 km² (0.0087%).

By 2020, farmland had further reduced to

5542.850 km² (64.6366%) of the total land.

Vegetation areas covered 652.525 km² (7.6093%) of

the land. Water bodies occupied 1186.140 km²,

representing (13.8319%). The built-up area

significantly increased to 1193.500 km², constituting

13.9177% of the land. Bare land remained very

minimal, with an area of 0.391 km², accounting for

0.0046% of the total land.

4.2 Changes in Land Use Over Time

Changes in land use distribution over time is studied

to better interpret the acquired data. A line chart

indicating the proportion of different land use types

in each of the 4 years shows the trends and shifts in

the area of various land use categories over the 35

years (Figure 6a). Figure 6b illustrates the percentage

change in each land use category over three distinct

periods: 1985-1990, 1990-2005, and 2005-2020. This

bar chart provides a clearer contrast of how different

land use types have evolved over time.

Across the 35-year period, farmland continuously

declined approximately 1.95% from 1985 to 1990,

2.60% from 1990 to 2005, and 10.33% from 2005 to

2020. At the same time, vegetation areas experienced

fluctuations, initially increasing by 0.74% from 1985

to 1990, then decreasing by 14.35% from 1990 to

2005, and finally increasing significantly by 26.56%

from 2005 to 2020. Water bodies, similarly, showed

minor variations over the periods. It increased by

6.97% from 1985 to 1990, then decreased by 5.03%

from 1990 to 2005, followed by a 3.84% decline from

2005 to 2020. Built-up areas saw a significant and

continuous increase throughout the study period.

After experiencing a 12.87% increase from 1985 to

1990, built-up areas nearly doubled from 1990 to

2005, increasing by 97.44%. It then increased by

85.30% from 2005 to 2020. Bare land, on the other

hand, decreased substantially by 54.53% from 1990

to 2005 after a slight increase in the late 1980s. It also

saw a dramatic decrease of 47.58% from 2005 to

2020.

Figure 6: (a) Percentage of Land Use Types; (b) Percentage

Change in LULC Types Over Years City (Picture credit:

Original).

5 DISCUSSION

The most striking change in Wuhan’s LULC

distribution over the 40 years is the significant

increase in built-up areas, which presents the city’s

economic development and policy-driven urban

planning.

5.1 The stage of 1985-1990

The 1980s was the initial stage of China’s rapid

development. Leader of the Communist Party of

China at that time, Deng Xiaoping, initiated a set of

reforms referred to as “Reform and Opening Up” in

1978, aiming to boost economic development and

promote liberalism in China. Decentralizing

economic decision-making and promoting transition

to market-oriented economy, Deng’s vision was to

modernize China’s economy and integrate it into the

global market. However, when the reform had just

started, poverty was rampant, and economy still

haven’t recovered from the aftermath of the Cultural

Evolution. It was not until the middle or late 1980s

that reform policies began to take effect. The

decentralization policies indeed spurred industrial

development. The machine-building industry, which

IAMPA 2024 - International Conference on Innovations in Applied Mathematics, Physics and Astronomy

184

had traditionally relied on state support, had to adapt

to market conditions and compete for resources and

markets, thus improving its own strength. Similarly,

the textile industry received preferential treatment

and investment to boost production and profitability

(Solinger, 1986). The city, with its strong industrial

base in machine-building and textiles, generally

leveraged these reforms to attract investment and

boost economy. In 1987, the city began receiving

direct investment from Hong Kong enterprisers.

Despite the initial amount being relatively small (100

million USD), it laid the foundation for future

cooperation between the two regions (Liu & Tu,

1998). These socio-economic developments, induced

by political reforms earlier this decade, began to

sprout between 1985 and 1990, which laid the

groundwork for the city’s rapid development in the

subsequent decades.

According to the data gathered by the study, total

area of built-up regions increased by 12.87% from

1985 to 1990, representing the largest change among

all land use types. Meanwhile, farmland area saw a

slight decrease (Figure 6b). The conversion of

farmland and other land types into built-up areas was

driven by the need to accommodate the growing

industrial and commercial activities. This increased

urbanization, arguably, reflects the effects if Reform-

and-Opening-Up policies, where the economy began

to recover and trade started to flourish.

5.2 The stage of 1990-2005

The period from 1990 to 2005 witnessed substantial

changes in LULC distribution in Wuhan City. The

total built-up area nearly doubled within these fifteen

years. It is inferred that both the establishment of

relative policies and the growth of international trade

resulted in the increase of built-up area.

A pivotal development during this time was the

establishment of the Wuhan Economic and

Technological Development Zone (WEDZ) in the

early 1990s. It was an open area located southwest of

downtown Wuhan, along the banks of the Yangtze

River. Created to attract investment and promote

industrial growth, the WEDZ provided a concentrated

area for industrial activities when urban land's limited

industry-carrying capacity forced heavy industries to

leave urban areas. Since Development Zones like

WEDZ attracted major industries, the demand for

construction land increased. Moreover, less

developed areas distant from the core zones, such as

those beyond the immediate periphery of WEDZ,

offered comparative advantages due to lower land

costs. These regions attracted newly-emerged

industries who seek cost efficiencies (Gao et al.,

2020), which, arguably, further promoted expansion

of built-up land, especially in southwestern regions of

the city, where the expansion is clearly noticeable

when comparing the 1990 and 2005 land cover

classification maps (Figures 5, 6). Another significant

event is the opening of Wuhan Tianhe Airport in

1995. By that time, the WEDZ was a thirty-minute

drive from the city center and Wuhan’s two railway

stations, a forty-minute drive from Tianhe Airport,

and situated along the Yangtze River. Such a

convenient transportation further enhanced its

attractiveness to investors and facilitated engagement

in trade activities.

The continued increase in trade and foreign

investment is certainly another contributing factor to

changes in land use. Since Hong Kong’s direct

investment in Wuhan began in 1987, it has remained

the largest source of foreign direct investment in the

city (Hong Kong has been a part of China since 1997).

By 1993, the number of new investment agreements

signed with Hong Kong enterprises surged from 5 to

656, the investment value rising to $733 million USD

from $1.24 million USD in 1987 (Liu & Tu, 1998). In

the late 1990s and early 200s, Sino-foreign joint

venture projects such as the completion of the No.2

Yangtze River Bridge and the expansion of Wuhan

Tianhe International Airport were completed, further

enhancing the city's infrastructure. The increased

investment and development projects contributed to

the rapid expansion of urban areas as new residential,

commercial, and industrial zones were developed to

support these activities. The significant increase in

built-up areas and decrease in farmland and

vegetation area between 1990 and 2005 was mostly

due to construction of Development Zones, improved

transportation, and large foreign investment, all of

which fueled the rise of the industrial sector.

5.3 The stage of 2005-2020

From 2005 to 2020, urban development in Wuhan

City continued to expand. This period saw an increase

in built-up areas by 85.3%, probably driven by the

Rise of Central China Plan. Meanwhile, due to a

transition in development priorities, vegetation area

was experiencing growth after declining for decades

(Figure 5, 6b).

First proposed in 2004 by Premier Wen Jiabao,

the Rise of Central China Plan came into effect in

2006, aiming to develop central China into a leading

center for advanced engineering. The plan focused on

key areas of new urbanization, modern agriculture,

ecological sustainability, and support to the nation’s

Studying Land Evolution Patterns and Inﬂuencing Factors in Wuhan City over the Past 40 Years Using Remote Sensing

185

opening-up drive (Clear Roadmap Laid Out for Rise

of Central China, 2017). The strategy proved to be a

success, promoting economic growth and alleviating

socioeconomic disparities in the Central China-

Wuhan Urban Agglomeration (WUA) (He et al.,

2017). In 2011, with the proposal of "Greater Wuhan"

as a national central city, Wuhan committed to

spending over 420 billion yuan on infrastructure

improvements over the next five years, striving to

compete economically with Guangzhou City, the

capital of Guangdong Province. Five ring highways,

six new bridges, and five new underwater tunnels

were built in the fifteen years (Wang et al., 2022). The

continuing increase in infrastructure spending

resonated with this study’s result data, which showed

that built-up areas continued to expand from 2005 to

2020.

From 2005 to 2020, a significant shift towards

sustainability happened. During the previous phases

of development, China experienced rapid economic

growth, and sustainability was not a priority. At the

end of the 20th century and into the 21st century,

there has been a growing awareness of the importance

of environmental-friendly development. In 1994,

China adopted the Agenda 21, marking the start of a

forward-looking set of objectives that support long-

term sustainability of the society (Li et al., 2007). In

these fifteen years, private businesses and high-tech

enterprises have significantly increased in

prominence, whereas state-owned industries and

traditional sectors have gradually lost ground.

Symbolic turning points included reorganizing state-

owned industries, shutting down polluting firms, and

eliminating outdated production lines in heavy

industries (Wang et al., 2022). Key ecological islands,

such as Tianxingzhou and Baishazhou have been

preserved in their natural state to support ecological

conservation and recovery efforts. This strategy

aligns with the national initiative to sustain the

Yangtze River basin's ecology and meets the

requirements for enhancing the Wuhan ecosystem’s

resilience (Wang et al., 2022). These strategies

resonate with this study’s result that vegetation area

experienced a 26.6% increase from 2005 to 2020.

6 CONCLUSION

This paper employs remote sensing techniques to

address the changing land use tendencies in Wuhan

City and associated contributing factors. Land cover

of Wuhan is classified into five categories: farmland,

vegetation, water body, built-up area, and bare land.

LULC maps are then produced for the years 1985,

1990, 2005, and 2020, each representing significant

periods in the city's development.

Based on the data acquired, the patterns of land

type changes over the past 35 years were calculated.

The land use dynamics in Wuhan Municipality have

changed remarkably from 1985 to 2020. Over these

four decades, there has been a significant increase in

built-up areas, indicative of rapid urbanization and

economic growth. Concurrently, the continuous

decline in farmland and the initial decline followed

by a recent increase in vegetation areas reflect the

government’s shifting priorities: first towards urban

development and more recently towards

sustainability and ecological conservation. Since

most land conversion has been directed towards urban

development rather than leaving land undeveloped,

bare land has remained minimal throughout the

period.

A combination of socio-political factors has

driven the evolution. The “reform and opening-up”

policies initiated in the late 1970s laid the foundation

for the city’s industrial and trade growth. The

establishment of Development Zones, particularly the

Wuhan Economic and Technological Development

Zone, along with the construction and enhancement

of Wuhan Tianhe International Airport in the 1990s,

significantly boosted industrial activities and

attracted foreign investment. These developments

catalyzed rapid urban expansion, making the period

from 1990 to 2005 the fastest in terms of the growth

of built-up areas. The Rise of Central China plan,

implemented in 2006, further accelerated urban

growth and infrastructure construction. The twenty-

first century also witnessed a shift towards a more

sustainable path. Wuhan has gradually shifted from

traditional heavy industries to emerging high-tech

industries, and have adopted eco-friendly strategies.

This study of Wuhan City’s land evolution over

the past 40 years reveals a combined impact of

economic policies, infrastructural development, and

strategic planning on urban landscapes. By providing

detailed and easily accessible time-series data, remote

sensing proved to be an effective method when

studying and interpreting geographical patterns.

REFERENCES

File:Wuhan-location-MAP-in-Hubei-Province-in-

China.jpg - Wikimedia Commons. (2022, August 7).

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Wuhan-

location-MAP-in-Hubei-Province-in-China.jpg

Gao, X., Zhang, A., & Sun, Z. (2020b). How regional

economic integration influence on urban land use

IAMPA 2024 - International Conference on Innovations in Applied Mathematics, Physics and Astronomy

186

efficiency？ A case study of Wuhan metropolitan area,

China. Land Use Policy, 90, 104329.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2019.104329

Gries, T., & Grundmann, R. (2015b). Fertility and

Modernization: The Role of Urbanization in

Developing Countries. Journal of International

Development, 30(3), 493–506.

https://doi.org/10.1002/jid.3104

Habibi, S., & Asadi, N. (2011). Causes, Results and

Methods of Controlling Urban Sprawl. Procedia

Engineering, 21, 133–141.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2011.11.1996

He, J., Li, C., Yu, Y., Liu, Y., & Huang, J. (2017).

Measuring urban spatial interaction in Wuhan Urban

Agglomeration, Central China: A spatially explicit

approach. Sustainable Cities and Society, 32, 569–583.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2017.04.014

Li, F., Liu, X. S., Hu, D., & Wang, R. S. (2007). Evaluation

method and its application for urban sustainable

development. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 27(11), 4793-

4802.

Liu, M., & Tu, J. (1998). The position and role of wuhan

city in the regional economic macro-strategies of china.

Chinese Geographical Science, 8, 106–116.

Solinger, D. J. (1986). China’s new economic policies and

the local industrial political process: The case of

Wuhan. Comparative Politics, 18(4), 379–399. Ph.D.

Programs in Political Science, City University of New

York. http://www.jstor.org/stable/421690

State Council of the People's Republic of China. (2017,

April 5). Clear roadmap laid out for rise of Central

China. English.gov.cn.

https://english.www.gov.cn/policies/policy_watch/201

7/04/05/content_281475617525468.htm

Wang, L., Li, Z., & Zhang, Z. (2022b). City profile: Wuhan

2004–2020. Cities, 123, 103585.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2022.103585

Xu, N. K., Kong, N. C., Liu, N. G., Wu, N. C., Deng, N. H.,

Zhang, N. Y., & Zhuang, N. Q. (2010b). Changes of

urban wetlands in Wuhan, China, from 1987 to 2005.

Progress in Physical Geography, 34(2), 207–220.

https://doi.org/10.1177/0309133309360626

Studying Land Evolution Patterns and Inﬂuencing Factors in Wuhan City over the Past 40 Years Using Remote Sensing

187