Climate Change and Coastal Line Shifts: Advances in Remote

Sensing Monitoring

Yundi Yang

Sino-Canada School, Jiangsu, 215211, People’s Republic of China

Keywords: Climate Change, Coastal Line Shift, Remote Sensing Monitoring.

Abstract: Climate change significantly impacts coastal environments, prompting the need for advanced monitoring

techniques. This paper examines the critical role of remote sensing technology in monitoring the shifts

in coastal lines due to climate change. It provides a comprehensive review of the application of satellite

imagery, LiDAR, and other sensors in capturing multi-temporal changes in coastal environments. The

study underscores the importance of these technologies in assessing coastal erosion, sedimentation, and

sea-level rise, offering detailed insights that are vital for coastal management and climate change

adaptation strategies. The paper also discusses the challenges in data acquisition and processing,

highlighting the need for advanced data pre-processing techniques. Furthermore, it explores the potential

of integrating big data, cloud computing, and AI to enhance real-time monitoring and predictive

capabilities. The future outlook highlights the integration of multi-source remote sensing data, UAV

technology, IoT and edge computing, and deep learning for more accurate and efficient monitoring. The

paper concludes that the continuous advancement in remote sensing, coupled with emerging

technologies, will significantly contribute to the sustainable development of coastal zones.

1 INTRODUCTION

The coastline is the boundary between the ocean and

the mainland, and it is not only an important part of

topographic maps and nautical charts but also one of

the 27 surface elements recognized by the

International Geographical Data Committee (Wu &

Hou, 2016). Shaped by a combination of terrestrial,

marine, atmospheric, and human activities, the

coastline exhibits unique geographical features and

dynamic characteristics, with its position, direction,

and form constantly changing. The coastline holds

substantial ecological functions and resource value.

With advances in transportation, rapid population

growth, accelerated economic development, and

increasing geographical importance, the coastline has

become one of the most frequently and intensely

impacted areas by human activities. However, rapid

economic development and limited land resources

have led to significant changes in the natural

ecological environment of coastal areas. The

construction of various coastal projects and the rapid

development of regional economies have reduced the

natural attributes of the coastline, and the original

production capacity and ecological functions have

changed significantly (Wu & Hou, 2015). The change

of the coastline is a key research topic in the field of

environmental geosciences. In recent years, with the

intensification of global climate change, the rise in

atmospheric temperature has significantly affected

the morphology and evolution process of the

coastline, as well as having a profound impact on sea

level, ecosystems, and human activities.

To better comprehend these impacts, researchers

have widely applied remote sensing technology,

especially satellite imagery, to monitor and analyze

changes in the coastline. Remote sensing imagery

technology has significant advantages and potential

in this field. By using aerial or satellite sensors to

obtain multi-band (such as visible light, infrared,

microwave) data and converting it into digital images,

it enables people to obtain and analyze large-scale,

multi-temporal surface information (Liang et al.,

2018). With the continuous advancement of remote

sensing technology, high spatial resolution and high

spectral resolution satellite images have emerged one

after another, with rapid scanning capabilities. These

technologies are now widely used in environmental

monitoring and management, allowing us to identify

and extract various components of the coastal

228

Yang, Y.

Climate Change and Coastal Line Shifts: Advances in Remote Sensing Monitoring.

DOI: 10.5220/0013042800004601

Paper published under CC license (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0)

In Proceedings of the 1st International Conference on Innovations in Applied Mathematics, Physics and Astronomy (IAMPA 2024), pages 228-234

ISBN: 978-989-758-722-1

environment and their related information more

efficiently and conveniently.

This study summarizes the relevant information

on the application of remote sensing imagery in the

changes of the coastline under the influence of

atmospheric temperature, not only showing the

research results in this field, filling the gaps in

research, but also providing scientific support and

decision-making basis for dealing with the challenges

brought by climate change. Finally, it anticipates the

future developmental trajectories in this field.

2 APPLICATION OF REMOTE

SENSING TECHNOLOGY IN

COASTAL LINE MONITORING

The utilization of remote sensing technology in

coastal boundary detection is diverse, offering

extensive, efficient, and cost-effective methods for

monitoring coastlines. It has significantly contributed

to global research on coastal zones, offering technical

support for diverse areas including pollution in

coastal ecological environments, environmental

disasters, and the restoration and protection of coastal

habitats. Remote sensing can be divided into the

following categories according to its data sources and

acquisition methods:

Figure 1: Mind maps for remote sensing technology applications (Picture credit: Original).

Satellite remote sensing is a technology that uses

artificial satellites as platforms to obtain information

about the Earth's surface through sensors. It has the

characteristics of wide coverage, strong continuous

observation capability, and high temporal resolution.

For example, the application of satellite data such as

Landsat, Sentinel, MODIS, etc.

Aerial remote sensing is a technology that uses

aircraft, helicopters, airships, unmanned aerial

vehicles (UAVs), and other aircraft as platforms to

obtain information about the Earth's surface with

sensors.

Ground remote sensing is a remote sensing

activity carried out on the Earth's surface, mainly

referring to the use of LiDar, ground

photogrammetry, and other technologies for

surveying and monitoring. Currently, LiDAR

technology is widely used in atmospheric research,

sea level measurement, and glacier research, with the

characteristics of fast speed, strong anti-interference

capability, and high precision.

Despite the significant advantages of remote

sensing technology in coastal boundary detection, it

also faces numerous challenges, such as the adverse

effects of cloudy and rainy weather on optical image

quality, and inadequate monitoring of coastal soil

quality and vegetation biochemical parameters (Li et

al., 2016). Therefore, the data sources obtained

Climate Change and Coastal Line Shifts: Advances in Remote Sensing Monitoring

229

through different remote sensing methods must be

professionally pre-processed and appropriate analysis

methods must be adopted to accurately reflect the

actual topographical conditions and changes of the

remote sensing area.

Remote sensing image pre-processing technology

is a key step to ensure the usability and accuracy of

remote sensing data. Researchers usually adopt

geometric correction, image registration, cloud

removal, atmospheric correction, and other means.

Research progress has shown that there are

various methods to automatically extract coastlines

from remote sensing images, including threshold

segmentation methods, edge detection operator

methods, active contour model methods, polarization

methods, etc. Among them, the edge detection

operator method has a better extraction effect on the

coastline, the method is more mature, and it is easy to

implement (Wu & Liu, 2019).

3 RESEARCH PROGRESS ON

COASTAL LINE CHANGE

REMOTE SENSING

MONITORING

3.1 Monitoring of Coastal Erosion and

Sedimentation

Research advancements in coastal change and remote

sensing monitoring predominantly center on utilizing

remote sensing to monitor coastal erosion and

sedimentation, and to analyze spatiotemporal

dynamic changes in coastline features. Through

literature search, we can find that the main research

areas include:

Research on the dynamic changes of erosion and

sedimentation in the Yellow River Delta: Combining

remote sensing and GIS technology, the land erosion

and sedimentation in the Yellow River Delta region

were studied, and it was found that the land area in

the Yellow River Delta region changes year by year

under the dual action of sedimentation and marine

erosion of the Yellow River (Dong et al.).

Spatiotemporal evolution analysis of the coastline

in Greater Bay Area: Using remote sensing imagery

to obtain coastline data from 1975 to 2018, the

development and utilization of the coastline and the

spatial position changes were analyzed based on the

GIS platform (Yang et al., 2021).

Remote sensing monitoring of the status of coastal

erosion in Jiangsu Province: Using satellite remote

sensing interpretation, tidal numerical simulation,

and GIS spatial topological analysis, the current

status of coastal erosion in Jiangsu Province was

monitored (Cui et al.).

These studies show that remote sensing

technology has become an important tool for coastal

line change research, providing spatiotemporal

dynamic information on coastal erosion and

sedimentation, providing a scientific basis for coastal

zone management and protection.

3.2 The Impact of Sea Level Rise and

Climate Change

Sea level rise (SLR) is one of the most urgent

challenges of climate change, which has aroused

widespread research interest in recent years. It relates

to factors such as global warming, melting of polar

glaciers, and thermal expansion of the upper ocean

water. The rise in sea level caused by climate change

has a significant impact on coastline, and the climate-

driven factors mainly include two parts: first, factors

caused by changes in the atmosphere and ocean

(Sarrau et al., 2024), the rate of sea level rise is

affected by the intensity, height, and frequency of

waves in coastal and tidal areas (Chini ey al., 2010;

Aagaard &

Sørensen, 2012). In addition, linear sea

level rise scenarios and extreme events also affect

wave action in coastal areas. Another climate-driven

factor is the melting of land glaciers, which leads to

the influx of freshwater into the ocean. This not only

changes the density structure of the ocean but also

affects wave action. These impacts can be studied and

analyzed through remote sensing monitoring

technology (Li et al., 2020).

Specific monitoring methods divides into the

following categories:

 Satellite radar altimeters

Satellite radar altimeters are widely used remote

sensing technologies for measuring sea level height.

This technology calculates changes in sea level height

by sending radar signals from satellites to the Earth's

surface and receiving the return signals. For example,

scientists have been able to monitor long-term trends

in global sea level changes using radar altimeter data

from a series of satellites such as TOPEX/Poseidon,

Jason-1, Jason-2, and Jason-3 (Allenbach et al.,

2015).

 Satellite gravity measurement

The GRACE (Gravity Recovery and Climate

Experiment) satellite mission monitors the mass loss

of glaciers and ice caps and their contribution to sea

level rise by measuring changes in the Earth's gravity

field. For instance, Velicogna (Velicogna, 2009)

employed GRACE satellite data to quantify

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Greenland and Antarctic ice sheet mass loss,

elucidating their influence on global sea level rise.

 Optical and radar imaging

Remote sensing imaging technologies, such as

optical and radar images from Landsat and Sentinel

series satellites, are widely used to monitor changes

in coastal areas. These images can capture changes in

coastlines, the submersion of wetlands, and the

degradation of salt marshes. For example, Murray et

al. (Murray et al., 2019) used Landsat images to

analyze changes in the area of global coastal wetlands

over the past few decades and assessed the impact of

sea level rise on these ecosystems.

The response of coastlines to climate change

varies across different regions, mainly due to

differences in geographical location, topography,

environmental conditions, and human activities. The

application of remote sensing monitoring technology

provides important data support and analysis methods

for studying the response of coastlines to climate

change. Here are some current research statuses in

this field.

The coastal areas of Bangladesh are among the

most severely affected areas by sea level rise globally.

Researchers have used multi-source remote sensing

data, including radar altimeters, optical and radar

imaging techniques, to monitor changes in the

coastline, flood risks, and wetland degradation in the

region (Sarwar & Woodroffe, 2013). For example,

Sarwar and Woodroffe (2013) used Landsat image

data to analyze long-term trends in the changes of the

coastline in Bangladesh, revealing the impact of sea

level rise and human activities on coastal erosion.

Similarly, the East Coast of US has also significantly

affected, especially due to the combined effects

The coastal areas of Bangladesh are among the

most severely affected regions globally by the rise in

sea levels. Researchers have utilized multi-source

remote sensing data, including radar altimeters,

optical and radar imaging techniques, to monitor the

changes in coastlines, flood risks, and wetland

degradation in these areas (Sarwar & Woodroffe,

2013). For instance, Sarwar and Woodroffe (2013)

employed Landsat imagery to analyze the long-term

trends in the changes of Bangladesh's coastline,

revealing the impacts of sea-level rise and human

activities on coastal erosion. Similarly, the East Coast

of the United States has also significantly affected,

particularly due to the combined effects of sea-level

rise and frequent extreme weather events, such as

hurricanes. These case studies not only demonstrate

the application of remote sensing technology in

monitoring and analysing sea-level rise but also

provide essential scientific support for the

development of effective coastal management and

adaptation strategies.

In China, the Jiangdong New Area of Haikou and

its neighbouring regions have also deeply affected by

the rise in sea levels. Utilizing Landsat data,

researchers have conducted remote sensing

monitoring and change characteristic analysis of the

coastline in this area from 1987 to 2018. Their

findings indicate that over the past 31 years, the

coastline has shown a trend of "decrease - increase -

stability" in its evolution, with a net increase of 1.52

km in total length, and human factors have become

the main driving force behind the changes in the

coastline (Zhu & Zhang, 2023). Additionally, remote

sensing technology plays a crucial role in monitoring

the coastal zone's geographical environment,

including land use/cover, soil quality, vegetation,

coastlines, water color, water depth, and underwater

topography, as well as disaster monitoring (Li et al.,

2016).

3.3 Changes in the Coastline under

Human Activities

Human activities have multifaceted impacts on

coastlines, including direct effects on coastal

morphology and coastal ecosystem structures, as well

as indirect effects on the socio-economic framework

of coastal zones.

Urbanization, port construction, and changes in

land use are significant human factors affecting the

evolution of coastlines. Specifically, urbanization

leads to the replacement of natural coastlines with

buildings and infrastructures as urban spaces expand,

affecting not only the natural form of the coastline but

also the ecosystem services of the coastal zone (Shi et

al., 2022). Port construction is another significant

human-induced factor of coastline change. The

establishment or expansion of ports requires

extensive land reclamation, which directly alters the

original state of the coastline. Additionally, changes

in land use, such as agricultural development,

industrial growth, and tourism expansion, can impact

the coastline. Specifically, land reclamation activities

not only change the form of the coastline but may also

cause damage to coastal wetlands and ecosystems

(Wei wt al., 2019).

Remote sensing monitoring technology plays a

pivotal role in studying changes in coastlines and

their impacts, especially when analyzing the effects

of human activities on these changes. For example, in

China's Pearl River Delta, due to large-scale land

reclamation and industrial development, the coastline

has undergone rapid changes, and the ecosystem has

Climate Change and Coastal Line Shifts: Advances in Remote Sensing Monitoring

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been significantly affected (Tang et al., 2010).

Similarly, the coast of Mandla in India has notably

influenced by human activities due to port

construction and sand mining (Jayappa & Narayana,

2009). In Florida, USA, research has found that

coastal erosion has intensified due to the expansion of

real estate development and tourism (Passeri et al.,

2018). Remote sensing technology enables

researchers to accurately monitor these changes and

assess their long-term impacts. For instance,

Luijendijk et al. (2018) analyzed global coastline

changes using a satellite dataset, revealing the

significant impact of human activities on coastline

changes worldwide (Luijendijk et al., 2018).

Menaschiro et al. (2018) also used remote sensing

data to study the driving factors behind global

coastline retreat, including human activities and

natural processes (Mentaschi et al., 2018).

In summary, through remote sensing monitoring,

scientists can more accurately understand the changes

in coastlines, assess the impact of climate change on

coastlines, and provide a scientific basis for the

management and protection of coastal zones.

4 FUTURE RESEARCH

OUTLOOK AND PROSPECTS

FOR REMOTE SENSING

MONITORING OF COASTAL

LINE CHANGES

Monitoring coastline changes using remote sensing

technology is a continually evolving field, with future

research directions deeply influenced by current new

technologies, the results of which can be widely

applied to the management and policy of coastline

protection.

4.1 Big Data and Cloud Computing in

Monitoring Coastal Changes

For new technologies, big data, cloud computing, and

artificial intelligence have broad application

prospects in monitoring coastal changes:

 Big Data Technology

Capable of processing and analyzing massive

amounts of data collected from various sensors and

remote sensing equipment, including satellite images,

topographic data, and meteorological data, which are

crucial for understanding the dynamic changes of

coastlines.

 Cloud Computing

Provides the necessary computational resources

and storage capacity to handle big data, with its

elasticity and scalability allowing resources to be

dynamically adjusted according to demand.

 Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning

Improve the accuracy and efficiency of automatic

coastline extraction, enabling real-time monitoring

and trend prediction on a larger scale, providing a

scientific basis for regulation and protection.

With ongoing advancements in remote sensing

technology and AI implementation, outcomes will

furnish precise data for coastline safeguarding and

management, anticipate trends and risks in coastline

alterations, and foster proactive and effective coastal

protection measures, bolstering responsiveness to

climate change.

4.2 Multi-Source Remote Sensing Data

Integration

By integrating remote sensing data from different

sources (such as optical remote sensing, radar remote

sensing, LiDAR, etc.), more comprehensive and

accurate information on coastline changes can be

obtained. This multi-source data integration method

can overcome the limitations of single data source

and improve the reliability and accuracy of results.

4.3 Application of UAV Technology

UAVs, with their high resolution, flexible mobility,

and low cost, can be used for high-frequency and

small-scale coastline monitoring, especially suitable

for areas that are difficult to cover by traditional

satellite remote sensing. The development of UAV

technology will further enhance the fine monitoring

capabilities of local coastline changes.

4.4 IoT and Edge Computing

Deploying IoT sensors near coastlines can collect

real-time environmental data (such as tides, waves,

wind speed, etc.), and combining edge computing

technology for preliminary data processing and

analysis locally can provide real-time feedback on

changes, improving the timeliness and accuracy of

monitoring.

4.5 Application of Deep Learning

Technology

Deep learning has significant advantages in image

and pattern recognition and can be used to

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automatically extract coastline features from remote

sensing images, classify and identify different types

of coastline changes, thereby improving monitoring

efficiency and accuracy. This includes establishing

real-time monitoring and early warning systems

based on remote sensing data, which can dynamically

monitor coastline changes, timely detect and warn

potential risks such as coastal erosion and storm

surges, providing real-time decision support for

managers.

4.6 Integration of Remote Sensing Data

with Socio-economic Data

By combining remote sensing monitoring data with

socio-economic data—such as land use, population

distribution, and economic activities—a

comprehensive analysis can be conducted. This

analysis can assess the impact of coastline changes on

socio-economic development and formulate more

scientifically sound policies for protection and

management. Furthermore, enhancing global and

regional-scale monitoring of coastline changes

through international collaboration and data sharing

can establish a worldwide network for monitoring

such changes, offering data backing and a decision-

making foundation for global coastline protection and

management.

These research directions will further enhance the

capabilities of remote sensing monitoring for

coastline changes, offering stronger technical support

for climate change adaptation and coastline

protection.

Figure 2: Mind –map of Future Research Outlook and Prospects for Remote Sensing Monitoring of Coastal Line Changes

(Picture credit: Original).

5 CONCLUSION

In conclusion, remote sensing technology has become

an essential tool for monitoring the changes in

coastlines. It acquires multi-temporal and multi-

spectral data through satellites, aerial, and ground

sensors, providing spatiotemporal dynamic

information on coastal erosion, sedimentation, and

sea-level rise. Technological advancements have

improved monitoring efficiency with high-resolution

imaging and rapid scanning capabilities. Future

research will leverage big data, cloud computing, and

artificial intelligence to further enhance data

Climate Change and Coastal Line Shifts: Advances in Remote Sensing Monitoring

233

processing capabilities and the precision of automatic

extraction, achieving real-time monitoring and trend

forecasting. This will establish a scientific foundation

for coastline protection, policy formulation, and

climate change adaptation strategy development,

thereby fostering sustainable coastal zone

development.

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