Remote Sensing-Based Spatiotemporal Analysis of Land Use Changes

in Shanghai

Zuteng Fang

College of Marine Science and Technology, Zhejiang Ocean University, Haida South Road, Zhoushan, China

Keywords: Shanghai, Remote Sensing, Land Use Type, Urban Expansion.

Abstract: It is very important for urban planning and construction to monitor the change of urban land area in real time

and investigate and analyze it. As the largest city in China and one of the major financial centers, Shanghai's

land area changes are extremely obvious, especially located in a special position at the mouth of the Yangtze

River, at the end of the plain of the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River. 3,000 years ago, a large

amount of sediment brought by the upper reaches formed a broad coastal plain here. This phenomenon is still

continuing now. The land area of Shanghai is about 5,800 square kilometers, while the current area of

Shanghai is nearly 7,000 square kilometers, and the area has changed greatly, which has a great impact on the

administration and urban planning of Shanghai. This paper will use arcgis to make maps of Shanghai from

1980 to 2010 and draw corresponding coastlines to analyze the change of Shanghai's land area. The

comprehensive influence of land reclamation and sediment deposition on Shanghai in recent years is reflected

by exploring the change of its land structure.

1 INTRODUCTION

In recent years, with the continuous development of

remote sensing technology, we have learned a lot of

information through satellite data, which is of great

help for us to analyze the change of urban land area

in time and space (Du Peijun, Liu Sicong, & Tan Kun,

2012). Remote sensing monitoring of urban land use

change is of great significance for accurately grasping

the characteristics of urban expansion, optimizing the

pattern of urban land use, and promoting coordinated

regional development (Li Xiaoyong & Kuang

Wenhui, 2019). On the whole, the land use in Chinese

cities is changing from low to high level (Liu Jiyuan

＆ Buheaosier,2000). Through satellite data from

different regions and time, we will focus on the

economic center of Shanghai to explore the reasons

and impacts of such a huge change in land area since

the 1990s. Rational urban expansion and land use are

of great significance(Wu Dewen, Mao Hanying,

Zhang Xiaolei, & Huang Jinchuan, 2011).Although

with the development of human society, urban

construction and land use are constantly promoted,

we still encounter problems of one kind or another in

https://orcid.org/0009-0003-1427-6251

the face of natural factors (Xiang Chunling, 2014).

Shanghai is located in the alluvial plain of the middle

and lower reaches of the Yangtze River. The terrain

of the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River

is flat, and the sediment is mainly sedimentation

(Zhao Qingying, Yang Shilun Liu Shouqi,2002).

Every year, the huge amount of sediment carried by

the rolling water of the upper reaches of the Yangtze

River is deposited in the lower reaches. As a result,

the land area of Shanghai along the river and along

the coast is increasing day by day (Xiaodong Zhang,

Rui Xie, Daiyu Fan, Zuosheng Yang, Hongmin

Wang, Chuang Wu, & Yuhan Yao, 2004). At the

same time, due to the continuous development of the

city and the continuous increase of land use,

Shanghai's land reclamation is also the reason for the

change of its land area and the constant change of land

feature structure. The harmonious coexistence

between man and nature has always been a key issue

discussed by the times (Zhou Hongchun & Dai

Tiejun, 2023). As a space for human survival, it is

very important for cities to rationally plan and

coordinate the surrounding environment, especially

for cities like Shanghai, which are deeply influenced

by both the natural environment and human society.

Fang, Z.

Remote Sensing-Based Spatiotemporal Analysis of Land Use Changes in Shanghai.

DOI: 10.5220/0013043000004601

Paper published under CC license (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0)

In Proceedings of the 1st International Conference on Innovations in Applied Mathematics, Physics and Astronomy (IAMPA 2024), pages 241-246

ISBN: 978-989-758-722-1

241

It is very important for eco-city construction to

reasonably balance the relationship between the ever-

increasing land area and urban construction (Huang

Guangyu & Chen Yong, 1997). At the same time,

while natural sediment deposition, Shanghai's

reclamation has a great impact on its land area

change. The area of its own wetland is also being

encroached upon (Yi A L & Wang J, 2021).

Nevertheless, the practice of Shanghai itself is of

great value for discussion and worth learning from,

especially under the complex urban conditions of

multiple nature reserves in Shanghai at the same time.

The complex reasons behind it and the real land area

changes are of great interest to us.

2 MATERIALS AND METHODS

2.1 Study Area

Shanghai is located in the east of China, on the west

coast of the Pacific Ocean, where the Yangtze River

and Qiantang River flow into the sea. It is part of the

alluvial plain of the Yangtze River Delta. It lies

between 120°52 '-122 °12' east longitude and 30°

40 '-31 °53' north latitude. The land area is 6,340.5

square kilometers. On average, the land area along the

river and coastal areas will increase by nearly 10

square kilometers every year. As of December 31,

2009, the city's cultivated land 1897.59 square

kilometers; 179.89 square kilometers; 506.05 square

kilometers of forest land; 16.41 square kilometers of

grassland; 2557.94 square kilometers of land for

towns, villages and industrial and mining areas;

402.17 square kilometers of transportation land;

2,749.17 square kilometers of water area and water

conservancy facilities; Other land 49.90 square

kilometers.

2.2 Data Acquisition and Methodology

Data source is mainly from the United States

Geological Survey (usgs) landset5 remote sensing

digital image, resolution of 30 × 30 meters.

Moreover, through screening, our research period

was from 1984 to 2010. Since the research area was

in the south, the cloud cover of these remote sensing

satellite data was selected as small as possible, and

the images with little noise interference were selected

as far as possible. Meanwhile, the ground control

point (GCP) and digital elevation model (DEM) were

corrected and processed on landset satellite data. Data

preprocessing and radiation calibration, atmospheric

correction and splicing cropping of the original

satellite data to obtain the initial image, these steps

not only help to eliminate the noise and bias in the

image, but also improve the reliability of subsequent

analysis. In addition, EDRAS IMAGINE version 9.2

is used to classify the land into urban land, rural

construction land, agricultural land, sediment

deposition, industrial land, industrial land, and water

body. The planning is classified one by one, and

different land elements are accurately extracted.

Then, the classified images are used to set the legend

scale and warp and latitude network through Arcmap,

and different land use types are marked with different

colors on the legend to make different land use more

clearly displayed in the image. In this way, the land

classification map of Shanghai in different years is

formed. These processes and methods enable us to

have a clear and obvious understanding and feeling of

the urban change and development and land planning

of Shanghai in different years, as well as the influence

of natural sediment deposition on Shanghai.

2.3 Urban Expansion Change

Detection

Due to a large amount of land reclamation and a large

amount of sediment deposition in the upper reaches

of the Yangtze River, the land area along the coastal

areas of Shanghai is increasing day by day, which

also has an impact on the original land structure of

Shanghai. Therefore, we need to intuitively feel the

changes of the land area of Shanghai by comparing

the land structure of Shanghai in different years with

the changes of the coastline of Shanghai in the past

20 years. Firstly, the data of Shanghai satellite in

recent 20 years are extracted, and the remote sensing

images are binarized by edras, and the sea water and

land are separated and classified. The binary image is

used to enhance the edge of the classified image. The

edge enhancement function in ERDAS IMAGINE is

adopted and 3×3 transformation kernel is selected to

complete the process. Thus complete the coastline

extraction. In addition, using the classification

method again, the land structure of Shanghai is

divided into vegetation, nature reserves, buildings,

wastelands, and coastal shoals. Each element is

accurately extracted, classified and mapped. Then,

the classified land image of Shanghai is extracted into

arcmap. By adding legend and scale and adjusting the

image size, the land cover structure map of Shanghai

in a certain year in the past 20 years is drawn, and the

land classification map is made year by year, and

finally compared.

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3 RESULTS

Shanghai's urban expansion and full development of

land resources from 1984 to 2010 is a typical example

of today's mega-economic cities.

(1) The expansion mode and rapid development

performance of Shanghai. For Shanghai, which has

been one of the economic centers in the 20th century,

the main reasons for its urban expansion are the

development through reform and opening up, the

advantages of geographical location for

transportation, and the suitable climate located in the

subtropical zone. After research, its development

mode is reflected in the late 1980s with the People's

Square as the center, radiating the surrounding area,

to the geographical location, using its gentle terrain to

vigorously develop industry, but also using its

advantage of the sea to carry out industrial

construction. More and more agricultural

construction areas become cities, and the proportion

of urban land is increasing.

(2) The adjustment and change of the proportion

of land use types in Shanghai. In the early 1980s, the

land use of Shanghai was less than that of today.

Urban land was concentrated but accounted for a

small proportion, rural construction land was large

and extensive, industrial areas were not concentrated

enough, and undeveloped land area was large. By

2010, the gap between the proportion of agricultural

land and urban land in Shanghai has been decreasing,

and the high-density urban area of Shanghai has

increased to 2,117.51 square kilometers in 2010. At

the same time, urban land increased, industrial land

began to concentrate on a large scale, there were

industrial land and dredged fisheries resources area,

land types were rich, and urban expansion land

resources development increased.

In the process of 1984-2010, the urban expansion

of Shanghai was remarkable. In the 2010 urban

classification map, it can be clearly seen that the

urban land of Shanghai was transformed from the

original People's Square as the center to the

construction area of near and far suburbs into

industrial land and urban land. The original sediment

deposit area of Jiangxin Island was hollowed out and

turned into a fishery resource area. As can be seen

from the figure, in fact, the gap between the

proportion of agricultural construction land and the

Figure 1: Shanghai 1984 land classification map (Picture credit: Original).

Remote Sensing-Based Spatiotemporal Analysis of Land Use Changes in Shanghai

243

Figure 2: Shanghai 2010 land classification map (Picture credit: Original).

total land area of Shanghai and the proportion of

urban construction land in 2010 is getting smaller,

and the industrial zone is getting larger. Meanwhile,

due to the development of transportation and

economy, the industrial and transportation land in

Shanghai is developing rapidly. The high-density

urban area of Shanghai has increased to 2,117.51

square kilometers, which is several times that of the

same kind of land in Shanghai in 1984. Meanwhile,

due to population expansion and population inflow,

Shanghai began to develop cities in the outer suburbs

in order to alleviate the population pressure in the

central urban area, and implemented the policy of

"one city, nine towns". This has also promoted

Shanghai's urban expansion and the development and

utilization of suburbs in another dimension. It can be

inferred that in 2010, Shanghai's outer suburbs will be

the main industrial land growth, increasing to 471.30

square kilometers. The development of the central

city is saturated, and the construction of the outer

suburbs is growing, and the industrial land is more

regionally concentrated.

4 CONCLUSION

Land use change is an important manifestation of the

coordination between human activities and natural

environment, and the study of satellite remote sensing

data in its spatio-temporal dimension can better

demonstrate the process of urban spatio-temporal

expansion.

Under the influence of reform and opening up,

and driven by the market economy, Shanghai's land

development and utilization has changed by a big ten,

from the central group of People's Square to the

radiation development centered on the central city.

This is also closely related to the geographical

location and policies of Shanghai. Due to its

proximity to the sea, the continuous growth of

industrial land in Shanghai during this period directly

promoted the increase in the area of industrial land in

Shanghai and drove the surrounding economy.

Moreover, fishing and agriculture in Jiangxin Island

and other places also developed, and fishing areas

were built by dredging. In 2001, with the

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implementation of the strategy of "One city and nine

towns" in Shanghai, the urbanization area of

Shanghai has expanded by leaps and bounds to the

outer suburbs. The development of the whole city has

also changed from the original single-center structure

centered on the People's Square to the open multi-

center group structure, and Xujiahui is becoming the

new center of their respective regions.

In terms of time and space, it can be seen from

the classification map that the spatial change of land

development and utilization in Shanghai in different

periods is uneven, and the pattern is generally more

in the east and less in the west. With the passage of

time, the trend of suburbanization of land

development and utilization is obvious. In the early

1980s, the land development and utilization change in

Shanghai was mainly concentrated in the central city,

and by 2010, the land development and utilization

change had shifted to the outer suburbs, and even

crossed the near suburbs rapidly in the middle period.

In terms of land development and utilization

types, the overall trend of land development and

utilization change in Shanghai is that high-density

urban areas increase the most area, and transportation

develops significantly during this period. The

emergence and concentration of industrial and

transportation areas reflect the huge growth of

industrial land in Shanghai and the great role of

transportation in the development of Shanghai.

The change of rural construction land is to

continue to expand outward, but with the

development of central cities, the growth rate of rural

construction will slow down to a certain extent, and

rural land may be replaced by high-density buildings

in the future.

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