Revolutionizing Education: A Comprehensive Review of Blockchain

Technology’s Impact and Potential in the Education Sector

Suman and Anupam Bhatia

Department of Computer Science and Applications, Chaudhary Ranbir Singh University, Jind, Haryana, India

Keywords: Blockchain Technology, Digi Locker, Disrupt Education, Systematic Mapping, PRISMA.

Abstract: This cutting-edge study provides a comprehensive, PRISMA-based, systematic literature evaluation of the

state of blockchain technology as it exists in the educational field. Because it lays the foundation for future

efforts in this field, the study of Blockchain research is becoming more and more important. The use of

blockchain technology in the field of education is examined, suggested, and analyzed throughout this essay.

A final pool of 245 pertinent papers is produced by combining the 290 document pool with a set of inclusion

and exclusion criteria. Examining the selected publications addressed research questions about the state of

blockchain application in education, possible advantages for the area, and unresolved challenges; the results

produced valuable insights. Numerous proof of concepts are being developed for Blockchain Technology

because it has the potential to be beneficial in the educational setting. There are still some relevant

technological, legal and intellectual issue that need to be addressed before this approach is extensively applied.

In summary, the review concludes with a discussion of platforms, features and questionnaires as well as an

overview of the literature on Blockchain applications in the education sector.

1 INTRODUCTION

Document verification is required for several

important goals across various sectors and industries.

Its primary goal is to assure the accuracy, legitimacy

and authenticity of documents presented by

individuals, organizations or entities. But here several

problems have arisen, one of them is manual

document verification. Manual document verification

processes take a lot of time, are less trustworthy and

resource intensive. That’s why many organizations

are moving towards more efficient and automated

solutions to document verification for students and

other processes. So here digital india initiative is to

promote a paperless environment through the use of

digital document verification methods(Digital India,

n.d.).The government of india started the Digital

India initiative to transform the nation into a society

where people are empowered by technology. That’s

why the Government of India provided a digital

platform which is known as digilocker.

Digilocker is

generally a time-saving process in document

verification, especially in the context of India that

allows citizens to store and access their official

documents and certificates in digital form. It performs

duties in a secure way to digitally store and manage

various documents including educational certificates,

identity proof, vehicle documents and more. Key

properties of digilocker are centralized storage,

secure access (authentication through aadhaar id,

mobile number), instant verification, elimination of

physical copies, data privacy, paperless transactions,

government services and so more(Digilocker,

n.d.).Overall, these properties of digilocker make ita

valuable tool for document verification and

enhancing user convenience in India. In 2017,

digilocker, as a part of digital India integrated with

NAD to provide a secure and user-friendly platform

for individuals to store and access their academic

documents digitally. NAD likely refers to the

National Academic Depository in the context of india.

It is designed for the process of issuing and verifying

academic certificates and degrees. NAD focuses on

centralizing academic document issuance and

storage(NAD, n.d.). In summary NAD and digilocker

are interconnected components of the Indian

government. Digilocker don’t provide a

decentralized, reliable, immutability, tamper-resistant

and cross-border solution for academic document

verification(Digilocker NAD (Students), n.d.). So,

need for a decentralized mechanism which is

accessible for international-level academic document

verification. The decentralized mechanism is known

as blockchain(Gururaj et al., 2020).

In 2008, Satoshi

144

Suman, and Bhatia, A.

Revolutionizing Education: A Comprehensive Review of Blockchain Technology’s Impact and Potential in the Education Sector.

DOI: 10.5220/0013256500004646

Paper published under CC license (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0)

In Proceedings of the 1st International Conference on Cognitive & Cloud Computing (IC3Com 2024), pages 144-153

ISBN: 978-989-758-739-9

Nakamoto produced a paper titled "Bitcoin: A Peer to

Peer Electronic Cash System," which introduced the

concept of a Blockchain, the technology behind the

majority of well-known cryptocurrencies, including

bitcoin(Forsström, 2018). In the process of

developing a system in which document timestamps

could not be changed Stuart Haber and W. Scott

Stornetta originally presented the idea of

blockchain(Forsström, 2018). A chronological

sequence of blocks comprising the data, hash and

hash of the subsequent block make up the blockchain

technology(X. Chen, 2018). Cryptographical links

exist between each block. Each block is recorded in a

distributed, decentralized ledger, making it reliable,

unchanged able and simple to verify(G. Chen et al.,

2018).

Blockchain technology has gained a lot of

attention in recent years across a number of

industries, including banking, healthcare,

government, and business operations. The unique

security features that blockchain technology offers

are the reason why industry, researchers, and

programmers worldwide are interested in it.

Blockchain technology uses distributed,

decentralized ledgers to store its data(Ma & Fang,

2020). This technology's primary feature encourages

dependability and confidence. It ensures that there

will be no intervention from outside parties and offers

all parties concerned a high degree of openness. It is

essentially a peer-to-peer network with traceability

and security features because each node is connected

to all other nodes using a cryptographic hash function.

Permissionless and permissioned are the two primary

high-level classifications for blockchain approaches

that have been identified(Gururaj et al., 2020). In a

permissionless blockchain network, permission is not

required for anyone to read or write to the blockchain.

Finer-grained controls and restricted participation are

possible with permissioned blockchain networks. The

subset of blockchain technology that a firm needs to

employ depends on its requirements and

applications(Reis-Marques et al., 2021). Blockchains

can be hybrid, private, public, or consortium-based,

among other types. Owning a public blockchain is not

possible. The decision-making process is accessible

to anyone and anyone can participate as a node.

Private blockchains are just private by nature(X.

Chen, 2018). A consortium, or grouping of people or

organizations who have agreed to share the ledger

among themselves, is the only organization that has

access. According to M. Swan's "Blueprint for a New

Economy," there have been three generations in the

development of blockchain technology. At present,

there are three versions of blockchain: 1.0, 2.0, and

3.0.“Blockchain 1.0 is associated with the creation of

cryptocurrencies. Blockchain 2.0 now encompasses

applications related to bonds, smart contacts, loans,

and real estate. Blockchain 3.0 looks into the

possibilities of applying blockchain technology to

non-financial fields such as government, education,

and healthcare”(Park, 2021).Furthermore, all

operations are recorded in the blockchain and are

impermeable. The educational landscape could be

greatly enhanced by the many applications of

blockchain technology(Steiu, 2020) . In-depth

information about the benefits, challenges, and

current and prospective applications of blockchain

technology in the education sector is provided by the

extensive literature review carried out for this

study(Park, 2021).Thus, this study contributes to our

understanding of the current and future applications

of blockchain technology in the field of

education(Steiu, 2020). Politicians, academics,

managers, researchers, and universities are advised

by the study's findings to take advantage of

blockchain technology's potential advantages for the

education sector(Ali et al., 2022). Objectives of the

educational community was previously aware of the

potential of blockchain technology. A growing body

of literature is outlining the various ways that

blockchain technology can be applied in education,

and numerous attempts using different techniques are

currently being developed(Ali et al., 2022). The

objective of this publication is to provide

professionals and academics with a new, relevant, and

up-to-date perspective on the use of blockchain

technology in education by carefully reviewing the

most important papers published to date(Düdder et

al., 2021). This article’s final goal to present an

overview of the state of art at the moment, which can

be used as a starting point and a sourace of reference

for further relevant projects in the future.A search

protocol was created after the investigation’s goal was

established, and it is detailed in the sections that

follow. i.e For the remainder of this work, it is

structured as follows. Section 2 of this article outlines

the methodology for the systematic literature review

mapping approach, presents an alternative, the

techniques employed with the body of research on

blockchain technology in education is thoroughly

reviewed and evaluated and synopsis of blockchain

technology based systematic review for education.

The implications for findings are covered in section

3. The summary, limitations, conclusions, challenges

and future directions are all included in section 4-6.

Revolutionizing Education: A Comprehensive Review of Blockchain Technology’s Impact and Potential in the Education Sector

145

2 SYSTEMATIC LITERATURE

REVIEW MAPPING

APPROACH

The mapping approach for the systematic literature is

presented in this section. The most crucial starting

point for any systematic mapping study must be the

formulation of the research questions (RQs) and

mapping questions (MQs). The prepared MQs and

RQs listed below are covered in the section that

follows:

MQ1: In what ways has the pool of pertinent research

papers on Blockchain applications in Education been

assembled using inclusion and exclusion criteria?

MQ2: Which significant publishers were taken into

account for the study?

The aims of this review guided the formulation of the

following research questions:

RQ1: What stage of development is the current

framework for utilizing blockchain technology in

education?

RQ2: What aspects of blockchain technology have

the potential to improve education?

2.1 Methodologies Used

A methodical approach is usually taken to compile

and evaluate pertinent literature in review papers

regarding the state of blockchain technology in the

field of education. A summary of common

approaches is shown below: PRISMA tool, database

searches, inclusion and exclusion criteria, and the

systematic literature review (SLR) mapping

approach.

1. In order to address MQ 1, we used the

scientific mapping methodology with the

PRISMA tool, which is a helpful tool for

comprehending the evolution of a research

topic across disciplines and explains the

inclusion and exclusion criteria objectively.

2. The approach of Database Searches will be

employed to address MQ2. A number of

scientific databases, including IEEE Xplore,

Springer, Hindawi, MDPI, and Wiley, were

searched. Using the search phrases

"blockchain," "technology," and

"education," a large and pertinent collection

of materials was obtained.

3. Utilizing the Systematic Literature Review

(SLR) Mapping Approach with Literature

Search and Review, to respond to Research

Questions(RQ) 1 and 2. An exhaustive

search of academic databases, journals,

conference proceedings, and other pertinent

sources is done at the beginning of the paper

to gather relevant literature.

4. A search for pertinent studies, such as case

studies, theoretical frameworks, conceptual

papers, and empirical research, is conducted

using keywords associated with blockchain

technology in education.

Review papers on blockchain technology in

education, as a whole, use strict procedures to

methodically compile, examine, and summarize

pertinent literature, providing insightful information

to scholars, practitioners, and decision-makers in the

subject.

2.2 Mapping Report for the Literature

Review

The Systematic mapping of research papers is

presented in this section. Above discussed Mapping

Questions are answered in this section to show the

step-by-step selection of research articles for the

systematic literature review.

.2.1 MQ1: In What Ways Has the Pool

Pertinent Research Papers on

Blockchain Application in Education

Been Assembled Using Inclusion and

Exclusion Criteria?

A comprehensive summary of the systematic

literature studies on blockchain in education was

created using the PRISMA(Preferred Reporting Items

for systematic reviews and meta analyses)

tool(Selcuk, 2019). 290 publications on the

application of blockchain technology in education

had to be searched in order to find relevant studies

that were published between 2018 and 2023 were

taken into consideration. For this literature review, a

total of 22 research publications and 4 web pages

were eventually selected. There were only 245 were

left for screening after duplicate records(N = 45)were

eliminated from the total number of papers (N = 290).

There were just 26 records remaining after the papers

were sorted by title and abstract. The flow diagram

for the PRISMA style of representation used in this

systematic study’s paper selection is displayed in

Figure 1.

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Using the academic database search. The published

studies that matched the study objectives were found

by searching the SCOPUS database, which was

accessible through the university liberary system of

the authors. There were no restrictions on the year of

publication and result were restricted to English

exclusively.The initial search was conducted with the

terms. “blockchain” “technology” and “education”. A

total of 290 documents including books, book

chapters, editorial, conference papers, review paper,

articles and web pages were recovered. It was noted

how many documents had the specified keywords.

The number of documents types that were obtained

from the database is displayed in Table l.

B. Eligibility criteria Based on eligibility criteria,

only 22 papers and 4 websites meet the eligibility

requirements, demonstrating a high level of

adherence to the methodology. Table 2 contains a list

of the inclusion and exclusion criteria

Figure 1: An Illustration of The Screening and Selection Process Flows.

Table 1: The number of document types obtained from the database.

Article

Book Chapter Conference paper Conference Review

Note Review Web Pages

13 168 29 1 12 4

Table 2: Inclusion and Exclusion Criteria.

Inclusion Exclusion

Timelines

Published from 2018 to 2023 Published before 2018

Availability of Access

The entire text is accessible There is no full-text available

Language

Composed in the English Language Composed in tongues other than English

Relevance

The main goal is to use the blockchain

Technolog

The main goal are not use the Blockchain

technolog

Document Type

Articles, Conferences, Book Chapters, Reviews

and Conferences

Letters, Notes, Books, and Editorials

Revolutionizing Education: A Comprehensive Review of Blockchain Technology’s Impact and Potential in the Education Sector

147

Table 3: Documents Being Distributed According to Various Publications.

Publication sources No. of documents Databases

IEEE Journal

7 IEEE Xplore

Springer

3 Springer

Others (MDPI, Wiley etc. and web pages)

MDPI,Wiley,Google Scholar, Hindawi,etc.

Total

Table 4: Evaluation Purpose and Findings of Some of the Selected Research Articles.

Authors Purpose Methodology Findings

(Nargis et al.,

2023)

To discuss the blockchain technology

trials being conducted in educational

systems

Exploratory

study,

Systematic

Literature

Review

The blockchain ledger can be connected to many

activities such as administrative checkouts and

educational record. Technology can also be used

to stop alterations or tampering with documents

records

(Siddiqui et

al., 2022)

This document verification will address

the benefits and challenges of using

blockchain technology in education.

Exploratory &

qualitative

study,Revie-w

of studies

An Internet of Things (IoT) framework built on

the blockchain.The safe creation and verification

of certificates is made possible by this system.

(Reis-Marques

et al., 2021)

Examine how cutting edge technologies

like artificial intelligence and blockchain

are combining could need significant

adjustments to the way education is

delivere

Exploratory

study,

Systematic

Literature

Review

Because of blockchain technology powerful

advantages, colleges need to adjust to this

technology in order to support outcome-based

learning

(Gaikwad et

al., 2021)

To look into how blockchain can be used

in outcome-based higher education and

assess how successfully marketing

education is now integrating new

technologies

Review of

studies

Technologies like OCR an

lockchain must be

incorporated into martingale education.

Tranasparency is brought to student, instructor,

institution and regulatory body detail via

lockchain including UGC, AICTE

(Kutty, 2021) To address the issue of admissions

processing at academic institutions and

look into the possible uses of blockchain

technology in the sector of education.

Review of

studies

To examine research utilizing blockchain

technology or suggest its application to enhance

educational sector procedures and offerings

(Delgado-

Von-eitzen et

al., 2021)

To examine research utilizing blockchain

technology or suggest its application to

enhance educational sector procedures

and offerings

Systematic

Literature

Review

Acedemic certificate issuance and verification are

the primary uses of blockchain technology.

Technology can improve data sharing openness,

save costs and foster confidence. The field’s

technological potential is still Untapped

(Serranito et

al., 2020)

To examine research utilizing

blockchain technology or suggest its

application to enhance educational

procedures and services

Exploratory

study, Review

paper

Blockchain technolog

such as Ethereum and

Hyperledger fabric are widely utilized in the

education sector. In addition to handling

credentials, these technologies help colleges cut

down on administrative Expenses

(Bhaskar et

al., 2020)

To study blockchain technology’s

advantages, disadvantages, current uses

and prospects in the field of education.

Review paper The review focused on how blockchain

technology might help with student activity

management, teaching and learning in educational

Environments.

2.2.2 MQ2: Which Significant Publishers

Taken into Account for the Study?

For the study, Considered from 2018 to 2023 a total

of 22 papers and 4 websites were filtered out from

electronic searches were performed on various

scientific databases: IEEE Xplore,Springer, Hindawi,

MDPI,Wiley. Table 3 displays the distribution of

papers by publishers.

2.3 Education's Blockchain-Based

Systematic Review

The goals of this review served as a guide for the

development of the following research questions.

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2.3.1 RQ1: What Stage of Development Is

the Current Framework for Utilizing

Blockchain Technology in Education?

Blockchain technology is uniquely positioned to

benefit from the fourth industrial revolution. The

adoption of cryptocurrencies as a digital payment

method in numerous significant worldwide

economies, together with the establishment of

cryptocurrency exchanges in 2016, sparked interest in

the topic among academics. Education, the Internet of

Things, banking, supply chains, healthcare, defence,

and governance are among the main research

industries that heavily rely on technology(Min & Bin,

2022).However, studies have also revealed that public

awareness of blockchain technology is still quite low

and its use is still relatively new, which makes it

difficult to create a strategy that fully utilizes the

promise of the platform. Users' adoption, smart

contract security, and scalability are now

experiencing issues (Jirgensons & Kapenieks, 2018).

Blockchain technology is believed to have a

substantial impact on the relationships that schools,

colleges, and institutions have with society(Min &

Bin, 2022).Table 4 presents a few noteworthy

contributions from the current research to better

illustrate. The extensive reviws of the literature

indicate that blockchain technology is a rapidly

developing field in research with many educational

applications. The applications include managing

student information and credentials, administrative

tasks and teaching and learning at higher education

institution utilizing both online and offline

platforms(Jirgensons & Kapenieks, 2018).

2.3.2 RQ2:

What Aspects of Blockchain

Technology Have the Potential to

Improve Education

In this section, the author discusses eight aspects of

blockchain technology and examines how other can

enhance education via the lens of the evaluated

publications. According (Table5) Through blockchain

offers many intriguing features, it isn’t necessarily the

ideal option in every situation. Author provides a

methodical approach to identify the best technical

solution to address a particular application.

Table 5: Aspects of Blockchain.

Publication

Distributed

consensus

Smart

Property

Immutability

Transaction

verification

Smart

contracts

Platforms

for smart

contracts

Uniqueness

Security

provision

(Gururaj et al., 2020)

      

(Zheng et al., 2017)

      

(Forsström, 2018)

      

(X. Chen, 2018)

     



(G. Chen et al., 2018)

      

(Steiu, 2020)

      

(Reis-Marques et al., 2021)

      

(Ma & Fang, 2020)

      

(Düdder et al., 2021)

      

(Ali et al., 2022)

     

(Capetillo et al., 2022)

     



(Park, 2021)

      

(Min & Bin, 2022)

       

(Jirgenson et al., 2018)

     

(Nargis et al., 2023)

      

(Siddiqui et al., 2022)

      

(Gaikwad et al., 2021)

     

(Kutty, 2021)

     

(Delgado-Von-eitzen et al.,      



(Serranito et al., 2020)     

 

(Bhaskar et al., 2020)     



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149

Table 6: The Publication’s Platforms.

Platform Publication

Blockchain ARK(Serranito et al., 2020)

(Jirgensons & Kapenieks, 2018) , (Serranito et al., 2020)

Bitcoin(Gururaj et al., 2020)

(Gururaj et al., 2020), (Zheng et al., 2017) , (X. Chen, 2018) ,

(Steiu, 2020)

Ethereum(Nargis et al., 2023)

(Min & Bin, 2022) , (Nargis et al., 2023)

Bitcoin and Ethereum(G. Chen et al., 2018)

(G. Chen et al., 2018)

Hyperledger Fabric(Ali et al., 2022)

(Ali et al., 2022) ,(Siddiqui et al., 2022)

1.Distributed consensus: By allowing a blockchain-

based system with tens or even thousands of

participants to agree upon a single version of the data

maintained throughout the network, this feature

eliminates the need for a central authority. Currently,

educational institutions retain grades, competences,

portfolios, certificates, and general student data, and

they share some of this data with official educational

bodies(Delgado-Von-eitzen et al., 2021). Making

these documents available to other parties or

stakeholders is difficult. Through distributed

consensus, businesses might collaborate and share

knowledge on a single platform, making it easily

available to others.

2. Smart property: This feature make it possible to

permanently, reliably and temperproofly link tangible

or digital assets to the blockchain preventing them

from ever belonging to anyone else until there are

transferred (Delgado-Von-eitzen et al., 2021).The

asset can never be double or double spent power over

it remains with its owner alone. According to this

analysis, the most often maintained property in the

educational sector is the certificates and grades that

are awarded to students, graduates or professionals by

an institution. There are several methods used in the

studied works in relation to this kind of data. Data can

be used for instance to register competencies, analyze

data to reward badges for specific accomplishments

and acknowledge volunteers for events(Kutty, 2021).

It can also be tamperproof saved and shared with

recruiters. Educational factors can also be used to

obejectively rank academic institutions.

3. Immutability: Due to the extremely high

computational effort required, which varies based on

the kind of platform and quantity of users transactions

saved in a blockchain are nearly difficult to change.

Within the realm of education, leaving data on

credentials, grades, competencies and other details

that is temper-proof, accessible, validated and

secured against repudiation is essential(Zheng et al.,

2017).

4. Transaction verification: Before a proposed

transaction is added to a block on a blockchain, it is

first validated by the network’s active participants in

accordance with established guidelines. The data has

been warehoused can therefore be regareded as

reliable. In order to prevent forgeries, organizations

in educational sector Issue, maintain, and withdraw

information that must be trustworthy, tempered, and

verifiable (Capetillo et al., 2022). That’s why this

features is considered in some capacity in every

proposal that is reviewed.

5. Smart Contracts: Certain blockchain systems

facilitate the operation of smart contract which, in

accordance with their pre- programmed instructions,

utilize oracles to read, analyze, and store data from

the blockchain as well as other sources and locations

(Ali et al., 2022).

6. Platforms for Smart Contracts: Smart contracts

are not supported by every blockchain, when this

capability is present, nevertheless, it facilitates the

potential of carrying out tasks on behalf of users by

carrying out specific procedures honesty and by

keeping track of all associated transactions in way

that is accountable and tamperproof(Forsström,

2018). It is evident that this feature is helpful for

education because all of the examined publications

employ smart contracts that are executed on different

platforms to automate processes and start operations

(Table 6). The recommended platforms are Ethereum,

Bitcoin, ARK Blockchain, and Hyperledger Fabric.

7. Uniqueness: Within a blockchain, each transaction

is distinct and able to be tracked back. Multiple

spending or multiple ownership of a token or asset is

prohibited by this feature. The uniqueness of

academic information for these purposes is irrelevant

because it reflects reputation, knowledge and abilities

that are personal, professional or institutional and

cannot be purchased or transferred.

8. Security Provision: Blockchain’s technology and

design guarantee security characteristics for the

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stored transactions, including nonrepudiation,

availability, integrity and authentication.

Nevertheless, confidentiality and privacy can not

always be ensured because openness and verifiability

frequently require that all parties have access to the

content. To remedy this,certain blockchains are

specifically designed with methos of delivering them.

Because the blockchain’s peer-to-peer structure

makes it possible to provide reliable information even

in unsafe circumstances, it reduces the security issues

related to education(Jirgensons & Kapenieks, 2018).

Due to its peer-to-peer dissemination, temper-proof

storage, authentication, and resistance to repudiation

because it is signed by the signers, information is also

extremely available. Along with regulating access to

and consumption of multimedia resources and test

questions, Additionally, these blockchain elements

are used in concert with other technologies to confirm

the legitimacy and integrity of the educational

resources offered to teachers and students in MOOCs

(Digilocker NAD (Students), n.d.).

3 IMPLICATIONS OF THE

FINDINGS

We address the ramifications of the work's findings in

this part, as well as future directions for blockchain

research in education. Blockchain technology offers

prospects for improved, security, transparency, and

efficiency and has the ability to completely transform

a number of facets of education. Some conclusions

for future research and practical applications of

blockchain education are provided below. A brief

overview of the ways blockchain technology is being

used in education, from credential verification to

support for continuing education, is provided in Table

4 LIMITATIONS OF THIS

SYSTEMATIC STUDY

There are three limitations of this systematic review

that need to be taken into account. The limited

quantity of internet databases that were accessible is

the first drawback. There’s always a chance that an

item published in another source will be left out and

many more could have been consulted. Blockchain

technology are very new and there are an increasing

number of publications on the subject. Still the topic’s

most pertinent databases were chosen.The keywords

and queries used in the databases represent the second

limitation. However, prior to beginning the

investigation, the search terms were merged using

Table 7: Implications of Findings in Blockchain Technology Applications in Education.

lications Ex

lanation

1. Credential verification

Preserve and verify academic credentials safely, including as

degrees, certificates, and diplomas, while preventing fraud and

providing a decentralized verification procedure (Ali et al., 2022).

2. Transcript management

To expedite the processing of academic transcripts, establish a

transparent and secure system for exchanging and storing student

data(Nargis et al., 2023). This will improve the accuracy of the data

and make inte

-institutional transfers easier.

3. Micro credentialing

Acquire and maintain micro credentials or badges for specific

skills or achievements using a decentralized credentialing model,

recognizing a range of learning experiences outside of traditional

rees

(

etillo et al., 2022

)

4. Protection of intellectual property and copyright Make sure that research papers, creative works, and instructional

materials are safeguarded by an unalterable, transparent record of

ownership and rights(Siddiqui et al., 2022).

5.Peer-to-peer online learning environments By avoiding middlemen and utilizing smart contracts to automate

payments and guarantee contributors receive fair recompense, you

can enable peer-to-peer learning (Jirgensons & Kapenieks, 2018).

6.Cooperation and funding for research Facilitate transparent and traceable transactions for research

funding and collaboration agreements using smart contracts to

automate fund disbursement and ensure accountability(Gaikwad et

al., 2021).

7. Acquiring knowledge of analytics and

personalisation

In order to tailor learning experiences and give students the help

they need, transparently gather and evaluate data on student

erformance and en

ement

(

Nar

is et al., 2023

)

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151

Boolean operators and picked with alternatives based

on a set approach appropriate for the educational

profession. Before launching the questions, the terms

appropriateness was confirmed twice. A potential

source of bias in the publications chosen is the third

limitation. A set of predetermined conditions were

established and adhered to in order to prevent it from

happening.

Documents pertaining to blockchain

technology and education have proliferated in the past

few years. This was one of the strictest filters because

the papers that are published in peer-reviewed

journals are the most rigorous ones. After carefully

examining every included work that was screened and

the final selection, the authors came to a consensus

where it was unclear if they should be included in the

review or not.

5 CONCLUSION

In order to fully exploit the potential benefits of

blockchain technology in education, it highlights the

need for additional study and development. In

conclusion, a thorough and methodical methodology

is used in the research to assess the state of blockchain

technology in the education sector, offering insightful

information and highlighting important topics for

further study and use. This systematic review

examines 22 publications and 4 webpages discusses

the state of blockchain applications in education

today, as well as the possible advantages they may

have for the industry and the many issues that need to

be resolved before they are widely adopted. In reality,

the numerous initiatives that have recently been

researched and published show how much blockchain

may offer the education industry .Due to its features,

there are now more opportunities to strengthen

academic information security, trust, efficiency.

Furthermore, it is possible to create new use cases and

safely issue, exchange, exploit, and verify them.

Even

Nevertheless, the underlying technology and

applications are still in their infancy and are

developing rapidly. To properly model processes

using smart contracts, one must take into account the

normative, intellectual, and technological viewpoints

on concerns (e.g., security, privacy, performance,

scalability, etc.). Blockchain initiatives in education

are now restricted to prototypes, proof of concept, and

models rather than wide-scale deployment. Still,

progress is being made, and initiatives like this keep

people interested because they demonstrate how

blockchain will be a big part of learning environments

in the future.

6 CHALLENGES AND FUTURE

DIRECTIONS

Blockchain technology is being explored for a wide

range of applications in education, including

improving administrative duties, assisting teaching

and learning processes, and storing student

information and credentials. The technology

promises gains in data security, efficiency, and

transparency, especially in the issue and verification

of academic certificates.The research enumerates

challenges related to user acceptance, smart contract

security, and scalability. In order to completely reap

the rewards of blockchain technology in education, it

highlights the necessity for additional study and

development. The study ends with an assessment of

the current of blockchain technology in the education

sector, offering insightful analysis and highlighting,

all while adhering to a strict and disciplined

methodology.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

We would like to extend our sincere gratitude to the

people and organizations that helped us throughout

the preparation of this document.

First and foremost, we would like to express our

gratitude to Chaudhary Ranbir Singh University in

Jind, Haryana, India, for offering a friendly

atmosphere and the tools we needed for our study. We

especially appreciate the Department of Computer

Science and Applications' ongoing encouragement

and assistance.

We also thank Chaudhary Ranbir Singh

University's library personnel for helping us access a

variety of databases and research materials that were

crucial to our investigation. Their assistance was

quite helpful in carrying out a comprehensive

literature review. Finally, we express our gratitude for

the invaluable insights provided by the education

professionals interviewed for this study, as well as for

the continuous help and guidance provided by Mr.

Manoj Rathee, research scholar (MDU), during the

drafting of this paper.

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