Older Adults Say Yes to Technology: How Digital Empowerment of

this Audience Helps Reduce Loneliness

Juliana Camargo

, Telmo Silva

and Jorge Ferraz de Abreu

DigiMedia, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal

Keywords: Older Adults, Television, Notifications, Voice Commands, Voice Assistant, Social Isolation, Social

Connections, Technology, Digital Empowerment.

Abstract: The HUGTV system (Helping Unite Generations through Television) was designed to help older adults stay

connected with their families by combining TV notifications with voice commands, making communication

easier and more accessible. To understand their perceptions of both technologies, 110 interviews were

conducted between April 2022 and November 2023, with participants aged between 60 and 91. The results

indicate that 84.5% of participants watch television on a daily basis, with 70% of the total considering it a

companion.. The study also revealed that the proposed system was generally well received by this audience,

especially the functionality of viewing photos and videos of family members on TV. The television proved to

be a familiar and comfortable device for older adults, which reduces the levels of fear and anxiety related to

new technologies and resources. Voice interaction, for example, were significantly accepted, especially

among individuals with visual and motor limitations. The study concludes that older adults recognize the

value of technology for communication and information, and TV, being a familiar device, offers a promising

path for digital inclusion and the reduction of loneliness.

1 INTRODUCTION

“I'm too old to learn”; “Nobody has the patience to

teach me”; “I don't need to learn anything at this

age”; “I'm not capable of learning anything

anymore”. These phrases were uttered by older adults

who had recently tried to learn something new (and

shared with us during a series of interviews we did for

this study). In general, they said that they face

problems when they seeking knowledge, especially in

technology. One of the main ones is ageism. “Many

people think I don't want or know how to learn new

things, but that's not true. I say yes to technology. I

want to use the same resources you use. I just need to

be taught”, said a 91-year-old participant.

Marques et al. (2020) define “ageism” as a

widespread problem that significantly affects the

well-being of older people. They identified that this

phenomenon directly influences the social

participation of seniors, both positively and

negatively. While some feel more motivated to show

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7537-5697

https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9383-7659

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0492-2307

that they can carry out the proposed activities, others

may close themselves off in isolation.

In the field of health, Martínez-Angulo et al.

(2023) point out that ageism, especially when

manifested by professionals in the field, motivates a

negative self-perception related to the ageing process.

Consequently, it can cause an imbalance in

relationships and damage the dignity of older people.

On the other hand, the digital empowerment of

older adults has proved to be a valuable way for

tackling ageism (Chu et al., 2022) (Mannheim &

Köttl, 2024). Since technology is the basis for

carrying out many activities of daily life, it is essential

to guarantee access and the necessary skills for older

people to be able to use it. The Uited Nations (UN)

even considers digital literacy to be an effective way

of reducing the social isolation of older people

(United Nations, 2023). Individuals with higher

levels of digital literacy participate more in social

activities, as they are able to access online resources,

support networks and opportunities for community

208

Camargo, J., Silva, T. and Ferraz de Abreu, J.

Older Adults Say Yes to Technology: How Digital Empowerment of this Audience Helps Reduce Loneliness.

DOI: 10.5220/0013210700003938

Paper published under CC license (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0)

In Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Information and Communication Technologies for Ageing Well and e-Health (ICT4AWE 2025), pages 208-215

ISBN: 978-989-758-743-6; ISSN: 2184-4984

engagement, which are key characteristics for active

ageing (Park & Chang, 2024).

This study was designed precisely in this context

and seeks to identify the relevance of a system that

stimulates and facilitates social interactions in the

digital environment. This system is based on a

proactive assistant integrated into the television that

sends notifications suggesting social contacts.

In order to identify the perception of this

audience, we asked 110 elderly people what they

thought of the technologies that make up the system

and whether they would be interested in using them

on a daily basis. The results show that there is a great

deal of openness among this audience. We have

therefore organized this paper so that you can

understand, firstly, the development stages of the

study. Next, we detail the semi-structured interview

phase, in which we spoke to 110 individuals aged

between 60 and 91. Finally, there is a discussion of

the results, conclusions and plans for future work.

2 HUGTV: THE PROPOSED

SYSTEM

The HUGTV system - Helping Unite Generations

through Television - consists of an application that

sends notifications to the television and an integrated

voice assistant, Alexa. To identify the combination of

technologies most suitable and comfortable for older

adults, we sought to understand their perceptions on

the subject.

Initially, we conducted 20 semi-structured

interviews and a focus group to identify the

preferences and perceptions of this audience (the

results of which are available at: Camargo et al.,

2022).

We then developed a web application (named

OverTV) that sends the notifications to the TV (a

description of the entire development process is

available at: Encarnação et al., 2023) and we carried

out field tests with 12 individuals aged between 58

and 85 years old for 44 days (results in: Camargo et

al., 2023). The operation and composition of the

prototype proposed from this study is described in

figure 1.

At the same time, to gain a deeper understanding

of seniors' perceptions on the subject, we decided to

increase the number of interviews. As previously

mentioned, we conducted 20 initially, followed by 90

more, bringing the total to 110 interviews. The results

are detailed below.

2.1 Procedure for Interviews with the

Target Audience

The initial literature review of this study contributed

to the creation of a questionnaire, which was then

applied to 110 elderly people between April 2022 and

November 2023. The sample was chosen for

convenience, through referrals from acquaintances

and with the support of two Portuguese senior

universities (Universidade Senior de Cacia and

Laboratório do Envelhecimento de Ílhavo). The

interviews had four specific objectives:

i) Characterize the audience;

ii) Identify the relationship between older

adults and technology, especially how they

use it to access information and contact

family members;

iii) Understand TV consumption habits;

iv) Identify the perception of this audience in

relation to the use of notifications in the

television ecosystem.

The questionnaire had 30 fixed questions,

divided into four sections, according to the objectives

mentioned here. Additional questions were asked as

participants mentioned their experiences with

electronic devices and other related issues.

Figure 1: Communication flow of the HUGTV prototype.

Older Adults Say Yes to Technology: How Digital Empowerment of this Audience Helps Reduce Loneliness

209

The interviews were hybrid (face-to-face, by

telephone or videoconference) and lasted an average

of 40 minutes.

2.1.1 Sample Characterization

110 people aged between 60 and 91 took part in the

study, with an average age of 68. The majority

(41.8% - 46 participants) were aged between 66 and

71. In terms of gender, 50.9% (56 people)

identifiedthemselves as female and 49.1% (54

people) as male. In terms of nationality, 60% are

Portuguese (66 people) and 40% Brazilian (44

people).

Figure 2: Interview sessions with participants.

With regard to households, 77.3% (85 people) live

with someone and 22.7% (25 people) live alone.

About physical limitations, 65% (71 people) said they

had no difficulties whatsoever, 25% (28 people) said

they had visual difficulties, 5% (5 people) hearing

difficulties and 5% (6 people) motor difficulties.

On the use of technological resources in everyday

life, all the participants said that they use at least one

technological device. The television is used by 100%

(110 people), followed by the cell phone with 99.1%

(109 people). Other devices used by this audience are:

computer (69.1% - 76 people), Smart TV (52.7% - 58

people), personal assistants (23.6% -26 people),

tablets (20% - 22 people) and smart watches (15.5%

- 17 people).

Regarding social networks (Facebook and

Instagram), 73.6% (81 people) have a profile on at

least one of them, while 26.4% (29 people) don't use

these platforms. To obtain information, 81.8% (90

people) use television, 70% (77 people) use cell

phones, and 46.4% (51 people) prefer newspapers and

magazines.

Regarding the way they communicate, it should

be noted that most of the elderly people consulted

prefer text messages to phone calls to communicate

with family and friends - 84.5% of the participants

said they commonly use text messages. Other means

used by those interviewed are audio calls on a cell

phone (79.1%), audio messages (73.6%), video calls

(70.9%) and landline calls (27.3%) (figure 3).

Figure 3: Resources that older adults use to communicate.

Preferences vary by age: people aged 60 to 71,

for example, prefer text messages, while those aged

72 to 77 prefer audio calls on their cell phones.

Specifically with regard to cell phones, used by a

large part of the sample, 71.8% (79 people) said they

had no difficulties making calls or sending messages.

On the other hand, 20.9% (23) said that they

sometimes face difficulties, and 7.3% (8) reported

frequent setbacks. These two groups usually ask for

help from close family members, especially children

and grandchildren, when they don't know how to use

or solve a problem with the device.

Cross-referencing the variables shows that

difficulties are greater among older participants

(figure 4). As age increases, the volume of responses

“I have no difficulties making calls and sending

messages” drops.

Figure 4: Difficulties sending messages by cell phone (by age).

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3 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

After characterizing the audience and identifying

their habits with regard to the use of technology, we

moved on to the third phase of the questionnaire:

identifying how this audience relates to television,

one of the central elements of this study.

We therefore asked older adults if they watch

television every day: 84.5% of the participants (93

people) watch TV every day, while 15.5% (17) don't

have this daily habit, but watch it frequently.On

average, the individuals consulted spend 3.9 hours a

day watching TV. The most watched content is: news

(88 people mentioned this type of content), films (66

people), series and documentaries (63), sport (46),

soap operas (34), entertainment programs (27) and

religious content (20). Films, series and

documentaries are generally watched on streaming

services such as Netflix, showing that TV

consumption is changing among older adults,

especially for those who are tech-savvy or have

family support.

Regarding TV as a possible companion, 41.8%

(46 individuals) corroborated it, saying that “yes, it is

a companion”, 30% (33) that “it is not a companion”,

and 28.2% (31) said that it is “at some times of the

day”. Adding together those who consider it a

companion, either always or at certain times, 70%

believe that the device helps in some way to reduce

loneliness. In this context, it was possible to identify

that the older participants in the sample (87, 88 and

91 years old – represented in table 1) have a greater

emotional attachment to the TV, especially because

they live alone and have less facility with other

electronic devices. Some said they “wouldn't know

what their lives would be like without the device”.

Younger people (up to 70 years old) perceive TV

as “a distraction and source of information”, without

as much of an emotional connection.

When analyzing “households”, it was observed

that more people who live alone consider TV to be a

companion compared to those who live with others.

Among the participants who live alone, 68% (17

people) said that television “is a companion”, 20% (5

people) said that “it is not a companion”, and 12% (3

people) mentioned that “it is a companion at certain

times of the day”. Among those who live with others,

34% (29 people) consider “television as companion”,

33% (28 people) “don't see it as a companion”, and

33% (28 people) say that “it is a companion at some

times of the day”. This last option was chosen by the

majority of the group, mainly because those who live

with other people usually watch TV to distract

themselves when they are alone at home.

Table 1: Older study participants' opinions on television.

P Age Comments

66 87 Television is great company. I leave the

TV on all day so I can feel that someone

is around. I don't know what I'd do

without it because I spend a lot of time on

my own, especially during the week. It's

very good to be able to rely on the TV for

entertainment, to stay well informed and

to find out about things in general.

70 88 I like to watch a lot of things on TV. I

watch a lot of soap operas. I have a habit

of leaving the TV on all day because I

like having noise in the house.

71 91 TV is great company. I honestly don't

know what my life would be without it. I

spend a lot of time alone and the

programming helps to distract me, to see

the day go faster. In fact, without

television everything would be boring. I

love having it around and I leave it on

almost all day.

We also carried out Pearson's correlation test and

found that there was no correlation between the

indicators “age” and “TV as a companion”. However,

there is a positive correlation, albeit weak, between

the “type of household” and “TV as a companion” (r

= 0.352**, p < 0.05) (figure 5).

Figure 5: Correlation of the indicators: age, family

household and tv as a companion.

These data show that the way older adults live

(alone or with someone else) influences the type of

relationship they have with television.

3.1 Prototype

After understanding the sample's relationship with

TV, we moved on to the fourth phase of the

questionnaire. The aim was to assess the acceptance

of notifications on TV and the possibility of

multimodal interaction (namely what they think about

using voice commands).

Older Adults Say Yes to Technology: How Digital Empowerment of this Audience Helps Reduce Loneliness

211

We wanted to find out if participants saw value in

this feature and whether they would be interested in

using it. To provide context, we showed an

explanatory video

– particularly for those with lower

digital literacy – depicting a simulated interaction

between a grandmother and her granddaughter. We

then asked participants to rate the usefulness of a

system that sends notifications to the TV, like the one

shown in the explanatory video. The answer options

we gave them were: “not at all useful”, “not very

useful”, “reasonably useful”, “useful” and “very

useful”. Figure 6 shows that opinions are divided.

While 26.3% (29 people) find the solution “not at all

useful”, 33.5% (37 people) consider it “useful” or

“very useful”. Table 2 shows examples of positive

and negative reactions to notifications.

Table 2: Examples of positive and negative comments

about notifications

P Age Comments

Positive

2 70 I'd like to use it because it's so easy to

interact with.

4 63 It would be great to interact without

having to type. I would definitely use it.

71 91 It would be much easier to answer by

speaking because the letters are very

small and I can't type very well.

70 88 I think it's easier to talk than to type, not

least because I often can't see and have to

put on glasses to send messages.

17 74 It would save a lot of time.

24 68 I like the idea and I think that maybe TV

will become more interactive this way.

20 68 I really like this option for older adults

because it's easier and more practical.

73 63 I think this possibility is even cooler. As

the years go by, we'll have limitations and

anything that simplifies things will be

welcome.

40 64 I liked using it for its practicality and

“hands-free”.

27 62 Without a doubt, it would be a great

convenience.

16 74 It would save a lot more time typing.

Available here: https://youtu.be/FtrNTbn5dp0.

Negative

3 63 I think it would get in the way. Each type

of communication has its place and

including notifications on television could

make everything more confusing.

102 77 It would get in the way especially if the

positioning of the message conflicted with

the content being displayed on the TV.

45 60 I can lose focus on the content I'm

watching.

62 77 There are already suitable tools for

sending and receiving notifications. I

don’t think using the TV for that is a good

idea. When I’m in front of the TV, I just

want to watch shows, series, and movies.

68 60 I would disable notifications.

96 69 Television is for watching, I don't consider

other types of information. I prefer not to

have access to it.

18 69 I don't think it's very useful because often

the TV is on, but I'm not watching

anything. I could miss an important

message.

We also ran Pearson's correlation test in this area

and the result showed a positive, weak and significant

correlation (r = 0.294**, p < 0.05) between “family

household” and “level of perceived usefulness”. This

indicates that the perceived usefulness of the

mechanism is related to whether the elderly live alone

or not.

Therefore, people who live alone see more utility in

the notifications shown on TV. We also tested the

correlation between the indicators “watches TV every

day” and “perceived usefulness of notifications”. We

found a positive, weak and significant correlation (r =

0.195*, p < 0.05). This means that the more people

watch TV every day, the greater the usefulness they

attribute to the notifications.

Regarding the system's ability to bring older adults

closer to their family and friends, opinions were

divided: 69.9% (67) said that it “does not” and 39.1%

(43) said that it “does”. Pearson's correlation test

showed a positive, weak and significant correlation (r

= 0.232*) between the indicators “family household”

and “potential of TV notifications to bring people

together”. This indicates that the absence of company

is related to the perception that these messages can

connect generations.

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Figure 6: Examples of positive and negative reactions to notifications.

We also sought to understand whether

participants would be interested in seeing photos and

videos of family members on TV, sent via messages

that could be opened whenever they wanted: 73.6%

(81) considered the functionality “interesting” and

26.4% (29) “did not consider it interesting”. Pearson's

correlation test showed a positive, weak and

significant correlation (r = 0.226*, p < 0.05) between

“family household” and “would like to receive photos

and videos on TV”. This indicates that the desire to

receive photos and videos on TV is influenced by

whether or not they live alone.

Figure 7: Family households x videos/photos.

At the next point in the interviews, we verbally

presented a possible scenario to the participants: the

system sends a notification to the TV when the cell

phone rings, making it easier to identify phone calls.

Opinions were divided on this possibility: 30.9% (34

people) considered the functionality “not at all

useful”, 17.30% considered it “not very useful”,

14.50% “reasonably useful”, 21% “useful”, and

16.3% “very useful”.

After the TV notification example, we presented

other functionality options for older adults to evaluate

the relevance of each one. The features proposed

were: “photos and videos of family members”,

“ringing cell phone alerts”, “news updates”, “weather

forecast”, “medication reminders”, “birthday

reminders”, “tasks and activities calendar” and

“social media updates”. Each option was explained

with practical examples.

The most accepted options were: “photos and

videos of family members” (73.6%), “news updates”

(60%) and “weather forecast” (42.7%). The least

accepted were: “calendar of tasks and activities”

(20.9%) and “social media updates” (30.9%). All the

features presented and their respective percentages of

acceptance by the participants are specified in Table 3.

Table 3: Participants' acceptance of the features presented.

Type of notifications

Would you like to

receive it?

Yes No

Photos and videos of

family/friends

73.60% 26.40%

Ringing cell phone alerts 38.20% 61.80%

News updates 60% 40%

Weather forecast updates 42.70% 57.30%

Taking medication 40.90% 59.10%

Birthday reminders 39.10% 60.90%

Calendar 20.90% 69.10%

Social media updates 30.90% 69.10%

The results show that there is no consensus on the

proposed functionalities, suggesting that a

customizable solution would be ideal. In addition,

receiving photos and videos from family members,

being the most desired option, highlights the TV's

potential as an intermediary for social relationships,

indicating good acceptance among older adults for

social purposes.

Regarding possible difficulties of use, 29.1% (32

people) said they would probably have some initial

problem, while 70.9% (78 people) said they would

have no difficulties. Those who would have no

difficulties justified this by their familiarity with the

television, feeling at ease managing the new

mechanism. Once again, we applied Pearson's

correlation test, this time to identify correlations

between the groups who said they would have

difficulties with mobile notifications and those who

said they would have problems with TV notifications.

The result of this test showed a positive, weak and

significant correlation (r = 0.261**; p < 0.05)

Older Adults Say Yes to Technology: How Digital Empowerment of this Audience Helps Reduce Loneliness

213

between “has difficulties using notifications on cell

phone” and “believes they would have difficulties

with notifications on TV”. This indicates that those

who already have difficulties with notifications on

their cell phones tend to have difficulties on TV as

well. This finding may provide a rationale for

enhancing notification mechanisms through

personalization to align with the characteristics of this

target audience (Almeida, et. al., 2015). Also in this

context, we asked whether the participants would like

a tutorial on how to use it. The majority (76.4%) said

yes, and 23.6% said no.

In the final part of the questionnaire, we assessed

the acceptance of voice commands, since the

proposed system has this component. We verbally

presented the participants with a sample notification

simulating voice interaction. Of the 110 individuals,

87.3% would like to interact by voice, while 12.7%

would not. Comments in favor included the ease and

speed of interaction, while those against were from

people who didn't want to receive messages on TV.

Some examples are systematized in table 4.

Table 4: Comments on the use of voice commands.

P Age Comments

2 70 I'd like to use it because it's so easy to

interact with.

4 63 It would be great to interact without

having to type. I would definitely use it.

71 91 It would be much easier to answer by

speaking because the letters are very

small and I can't type very well.

70 88 I think it's easier to talk than to type, not

least because I often can't see and have

to put on glasses to send messages.

17 74 It would save a lot of time.

24 68 I like the idea and I think that maybe TV

will become more interactive this way.

20 68 I really like this option for older adults

because it's easier and more practical.

73 63 I think this possibility is even cooler. As

the years go by, we'll have limitations

and anything that simplifies things will

be welcome.

40 64 I liked using it for its practicality and

“hands-free”.

27 62 Without a doubt, it would be a great

convenience.

16 74 It would save a lot more time typing.

The comments show that voice commands are

well accepted by older adults, mainly because of the

ease and agility they offer. They are also good options

for people with visual and/or motor limitations.

4 CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE

WORK

The digital habits of the older adults interviewed for

this study show that there are still difficulties when it

comes to using electronic devices, but there is also an

understanding of the need - and importance - of these

mechanisms for interacting and accessing

information. Many of the individuals consulted,

however, still give up using some resources due to a

lack of instructions, highlighting the need for tutorials

and prior training.

The group also demonstrated that television, one of

the central elements of this study, is very present in

their lives. This is an important indication that a system

based on this type of technology could be promising

among the elderly. In this respect, it is important to note

that older citizens have an emotional connection with

the device, while younger people see it more as a

source of information. In any case, TV is still central to

the lives of those interviewed, even with the increased

use of cell phones.

With regard to notifications, the interviewees

recognize the usefulness of the mechanism, especially

when they see the possibility of using it in the context

of television to interact with their family and friends.

The type of message most accepted by the

interviewees, in general, was the possibility of

viewing photos and videos of family members,

indicating that TV can mediate relationships and

facilitate access to social network content. It is also

important to note that viewing content made by

family and friends is very well accepted due to the

comfort offered by the larger screen.

There was also significant acceptance of the use

of voice commands, features classified by seniors as

practical and easy to use.

Considering the results presented here, therefore,

it is understood that older adults “say yes to

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214

technology”. In other words, they understand that

digital resources are important in their routines,

especially for contacting family and friends. To avoid

problems in terms of difficulties of use, they believe

that television is a good way to go, as they already

know the device and feel comfortable with it. In this

way, they feel more digitally empowered and more

willing to talk to people via the internet, a way of

reducing the social isolation and loneliness they

frequently face.

These interviews were extremely important for

structuring and assessing the relevance of the system.

HUGTV was then field-tested by 20 individuals and

their families for 60 days. The results of these

experiments will be published in future papers.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

This work is financially supported by national funds

through FCT – Foundation for Science and

Technology, I.P., under the project

UIDB/05460/2020, and also by the fellowship

reference 2021.08671.BD).

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