Review on the Effects of Hypergravity on Workload and Fine Motor

Skills in Humans

Judith Bütefür

1,*

, Julia Habenicht

1,*

and Elsa Andrea Kirchner

1,2 a

Institute of Medical Technology Systems, University of Duisburg-Essen, Duisburg, Germany

Robotics Innovation Center, German Research Center for Artificial Intelligence (DFKI GmbH), Bremen, Germany

Keywords: Hypergravity, EEG, ECG, EMG, Fine Motor Movements, Simulated Hypergravity.

Abstract: As the human body has adapted all functions and movements to Earth gravity it has to adapt its functions and

movements when gravitational forces increase. Astronauts are for example exposed to increased gravity, i.e.,

hypergravity, during rocket launches. To prevent security incidents on the missions, it is important to achieve

the best possible cognitive and motor performance from the outset, which requires a better understanding of

cognition and behavior under hypergravity. The aim of this paper is to provide an overview of studies

investigating the electroencephalogram (EEG), the electrocardiogram (ECG), muscle activity (EMG) and

aiming accuracies in hypergravity as these biosignals are known to capture human cognitive performance and

motor performance in order to make a statement about the effect of hypergravity on the human body. The

literature review shows that all investigated parameters change under hypergravity. This fact highlights the

need for further analysis of how these changes affect the human body in relation to motor performance. It also

shows the need for novel and flexible training methods that allow astronauts to acclimatize to the new gravity

conditions without limiting the duration of training, such as when training takes place during a parabolic flight

or using a centrifuge. We propose the use of an active upper body exoskeleton as a new and flexile training

method.

1 INTRODUCTION

If more G-forces act on the body than under Earth

conditions (1.0g), this is referred to as hypergravity

(Frett, Petrat, van Loon, Hemmersbach, & Anken,

2016). Increased gravitational forces (G-forces)

occur, for example, when flying fighter jets, driving

racing cars or under special helicopter maneuvers

(Reid & Lightfood, 2019; McMahon & Newman,

2016; Honkanen, Oksa, Mäntysaari, Kyröläinen, &

Avela, 2017). Astronauts are as well exposed to

increased G-forces during rocket launches (Badalì,

Wollseiffen, & Schneider, 2023). The human body

has adapted its functions and movements to Earth

gravity (Man, Graham, Squires-Donelly, & Laslett,

2022). If the body is exposed to hypergravity, it must

adapt to the new condition. This normally takes some

time and repetition of the same task (Clark, Newman,

Merfeld, & Young, 2014). Astronauts have to achieve

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5370-7443

* These authors contributed equally to this work and share

first authorship

the best possible cognitive and motor performance

from the beginning of their mission, otherwise

mistakes can occur that end fatally due to the safety-

critical conditions. This paper deals with the current

state of the art in research on the effects of

hypergravity on the human body and in particular on

cognition, cardiovascular activity, muscle activity

and fine motor skills. Some of the most relevant

biosignals to measure the effect of hypergravity on

the human body are the following: the

electroencephalogram (EEG), the electrocardiogram

(ECG) and muscle activity (EMG). These biosignals

were chosen as they are known to reflect cognitive

performance (Bütefür, Trampler, & Kirchner, 2024;

Debie, et al., 2021) and motor performance

(Habenicht & Kirchner, Preliminary Results on the

Evaluation of Different Feedback Methods for the

Operation of a Muscle-Controlled Serious Game,

2024; Aoyama & Kohno, 2020) of humans. Another

996

Bütefür, J., Habenicht, J. and Kirchner, E. A.

Review on the Effects of Hypergravity on Workload and Fine Motor Skills in Humans.

DOI: 10.5220/0013266400003911

Paper published under CC license (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0)

In Proceedings of the 18th International Joint Conference on Biomedical Engineering Systems and Technologies (BIOSTEC 2025) - Volume 1, pages 996-1001

ISBN: 978-989-758-731-3; ISSN: 2184-4305

parameter to analyze the motor performance is the

investigation of the performance of fine motor

movements. This paper will also discuss why it is

important to experience the effects of hypergravity on

the human body and to practice movements under

these conditions before launching space missions.

Currently it is only possible to create hypergravity on

Earth by for example centrifuges suitable for humans,

in underwater scenarios or during a parabolic flight.

Especially underwater training and parabolic flights

are costly and for parabolic flights the time in which

hypergravity is experienced is very limited. Therefore,

a new training method which faces these problems is

needed and one will be proposed in this work.

2 METHOD

The search for studies took place online. The websites

PubMed and google scholar were used to find studies

related to hypergravity and the effects on the human

body. The keywords hypergravity, muscle activity,

EMG, fine motor skills, aiming accuracy, EEG,

workload and ECG were used. Only studies in which

the test subjects were humans were included. Studies

that conducted their experiments with animals as well

as cell studies under hypergravity condition were

excluded.

3 RESULTS

In the following the results of the literature research

for the biosignals EEG, ECG and EMG in

hypergravity are presented as well as for studies

investigating aiming accuracy in hypergravity.

3.1 EEG in Hypergravity

Marusic et al. (2014) reviewed brain activities in

hypergravity, particularly the effects of changing

gravity on the EEG. They reported a study from

Schneider et al. (2008) which shows a significant

decrease of the alpha-2 power for 1.8g on a parabolic

flight in comparison to 1.0g pre-flight. They also

show that changes in EEG are mainly in the frontal

and occipital regions of the brain due to degraded

neuronal functions as a protective mechanism of the

body due to decreasing oxygen levels in the brain.

(Schneider, et al., 2008)

A decrease of theta rhythms during hypergravity

was observed by Wiedemann et al. (2011) and may

be explained with higher arousal during this

condition. In a study by Schneider et al. (2009) an

increase of alpha-1 and beta-2 power during 3.0g was

shown in the right frontal lobe. The authors assume

that these changes are induced by a summation of

physical and mental stress which occur in

hypergravity. (Schneider, Guardiera, Abel, Carnahan,

& Strüder, 2009)

The study of Baladì et al. (2023) analyzed the

electrocortical activity and the neurocognitive

performance during hypergravity. Therefore, the

participants had to perform a dual task during the

micro- and hypergravity phases of a parabolic flight,

i.e., during 0g and 1.8g. The primary task was an

oddball, and the secondary task was a mental

arithmetic task. Results show a significantly later P300

with a higher amplitude for the dual task in

hypergravity with its maximum at Pz electrode. The

P300 for the simple oddball was highest at Oz

electrode. The P300 showed an increase in peak

latency and a higher amplitude in hypergravity as for

the dual task. (Badalì, Wollseiffen, & Schneider, 2023)

3.2 ECG in Hypergravity

In a study of Kourtidou-Papadeli et al. (2021) 28

healthy participants had to do cycling movements on

an ergometer with low intensity on a short arm human

centrifuge (SAHC). To define the individual intensity

the heart rate (HR) was allowed to be between 40-

59% of the individual maximum HR. Gravity levels

between 0.5g and 2.0g were tested. To analyze the

effect of hypergravity the ECG data from each gravity

phase above 1.0g were compared to ECG data in a

standing position. Each condition was performed for

5min and the last 60s were used for analysis. Results

show a statistically significant main effect for heart rate

variability (HRV). Performing Bonferroni post-hoc

procedure pairwise comparisons between standing

position and 1.2g as well as for standing position and

1.5g shows a statistically significant difference for

gravity levels above 1.0g. No statistically significant

difference for pairwise comparisons in HRV was found

for 1.7g and 2.0g in comparison to standing position.

A significant increase of the HR was shown for 2.0g in

comparison to standing position. (Kourtidou-Papadeli,

et al., 2021).

Masatli et al. (2018) analyzed gender related

differences of changes in HR during hypergravity on a

SAHC. To this end, the same acceleration/ deceleration

pattern, i.e., 1.0g / 2.0g / 1.0g, was used for all

participants. Each participant performed two rounds of

the acceleration/deceleration pattern. Results show a

significant increase of HR for both, men and women.

(Masatli, et al., 2018)

Review on the Effects of Hypergravity on Workload and Fine Motor Skills in Humans

997

3.3 EMG in Hypergravity

In a study of Honkanen et al. (2017) the difference in

EMG activation of the neck and shoulder muscles

between experienced and unexperienced pilots during

controlled hypergravity exposure in a centrifuge was

analyzed. Results show a significantly higher muscle

activity of pilots without experience. (Honkanen,

Oksa, Mäntysaari, Kyröläinen, & Avela, 2017) An

increase in muscle activity in muscles, responsible for

stabilization of the body during hypergravity was also

found in the results of a study investigating spinal

stiffness on a parabolic flight (Swanenburg,

Langenfeld, Easthope, & Meier, 2020). Kunavar et al.

(2021) analyzed the muscle activity of the upper limb

muscles performing aiming movements during

hypergravity as well as on a parabolic flight. Results

also show an increase in muscle activity of the

measured muscles. (Kunavar, et al., 2021) The

investigation of simulated hypergravity with help of

a weighted vest worn during daily activities shows a

slight increase of muscle mass in comparison to the

baseline test. (Rantalainen, Ruotsalainen, &

Virmavirta, 2012)

3.4 Aiming Movements in

Hypergravity

Chen et al. analyzed the pointing arm shift under

gravity condition changes during a parabolic flight.

Results show an upwards shifting in movements

during hypergravity. (Chen, et al., 1999) The same

effect was found by Bock, Arnold and Cheung (1996)

who investigated aiming movements in the phase of

hypergravity on a parabolic flight. A downwards shift

in “paper and pencil” aiming movements in the phase

of hypergravity on a parabolic flight was found in a

study of Ross (1991). In a study of Kunavar et al.

(2021) aiming movements on a parabolic flight were

investigated as well. A decrease in aiming accuracy

during hypergravity was found (Kunavar, et al.,

2021). Artiles, Schor and Clement (2018)

investigated the influence of gravity on cognitive and

sensorimotor processes by letting subjects point to

randomly appearing dots during the hypergravity,

microgravity and Earth gravity phases of parabolic

flights. No significant differences were found

between pointing accuracies and gravity conditions.

(Artiles, Schor, & Clément, 2018)

Clark et al. (2014) conducted a study on a SAHC

where participants had to control an airplane cabin

with help of a joystick in 1.0g, 1.5g or 2.0g in

randomized order. All participants were pilots.

Results show a significantly higher root mean square

error (RMS) for 2.0g in comparison to 1.0g. The

difference between 1.5g and 1.0g was not significant.

They also show that the performance of the task

improves with longer duration in a given hypergravity

condition. The participants also reported a higher

subjective workload during hypergravity phases

which underlines the findings of a lower performance

during these phases. (Clark, Newman, Merfeld, &

Young, 2014)

4 DISCUSSION

The main objective of this paper was to summarize

the state of the art of different modalities to analyze

the effect of hypergravity on the human body as well

as the performance of fine motor movements.

There is not much literature investigating the

effects of hypergravity on the EEG. In summary the

given literature shows that hypergravity does

influence the EEG, especially for alpha-2 (Schneider,

et al., 2008), alpha-1 and beta-2 power (Schneider,

Guardiera, Abel, Carnahan, & Strüder, 2009) in the

frequency domain. Both studies were done with eyes

closed, which is not a suitable condition for astronauts

during a rocket launch. Therefore, it is necessary to

analyze the effect of hypergravity on the EEG during

a more application-orientated scenario. In future, it

could be possible to detect the workload level during

hypergravity phases by using EEG, which makes the

rocket launch safer, because a higher workload level

leads to a higher risk of making mistakes (Morris &

Leung, 2006).

The study of Badalì et al. (2023) shows significant

effects in the analysis of the time domain for

hypergravity (1.8g) in comparison to Earth gravity

(1.0g). They showed that the P300 was significantly

higher and later for a primary oddball task for 1.8g in

comparison to 1.0g. For the dual task, they showed a

significantly higher and later amplitude as well and

also a shift to the occipital brain region (i.e., Oz

electrode) for 1.8g in comparison to 1.0g. Changes in

the P300 amplitude could also be related to the

different workload conditions during a parabolic

flight caused by changing gravity levels. However,

Pergher et al. (2018) showed a significantly higher

P300 amplitude for lower workload conditions in

comparison to higher workload conditions. These

results contradict each other, because for

hypergravity in comparison to Earth gravity higher

workload would be expected. This needs to be

investigated further, as training the astronauts could

also influence the workload and the P300 amplitude

could also change as a result.

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The reviewed studies investigating ECG show a

significant increase of either HR or HRV during

hypergravity. The study of Kourtidou-Papadeli et al.

(2021) only shows an increase of HRV for 1.2g and

1.5g compared to standing position. However,

Masatli et al. (2018) shows a significant increase in

HR for 2.0g in comparison to 1.0g. Both studies do

not compare participants who are trained under

hypergravity conditions to untrained participants. The

differences between trained and untrained subjects

should be investigated since training before space

missions would be possible for astronauts and could

have an impact on the HR and HRV. Investigating the

influence of training to the HR and HRV, could also

bring an advantage if the workload of the astronauts

should be monitored, as the HR and HRV changes

with changing workload conditions as well (for an

overview see introduction of (Bütefür, Trampler, &

Kirchner, 2024)).

All previously introduced studies investigating

fine motor movements under hypergravity condition,

except for one, found a decrease in the performance

of fine motor movements under hypergravity

condition compared to the same movements under

Earth gravity condition. As astronauts constantly

have to work with their hands, it is important to

prepare them for movements in hypergravity, such as

those that occur when launching a rocket. Results of

the study of Clark et al. (2014) show an improvement

of the performance of fine motor movements under

hypergravity condition after a short while compared

to the first movements under hypergravity condition.

This suggests that it is possible to adapt the

movements to this condition. To make this adaptation

as fast as possible, practicing fine motor movements

under hypergravity condition before launching the

space mission would be useful. Practicing fine motor

movements is not a one-day process. The previous

studies used parabolic flights or SAHC to create

hypergravity to let subjects perform fine motor

movements. For practicing fine motor movements in

hypergravity the time of this condition on a parabolic

flight lasts approximately 20 seconds per parabola.

Although there are 62 phases of hypergravity on one

parabolic flight, the time for practice is quite short.

Besides this, parabolic flights are expensive as well.

When using a centrifuge, hypergravity can be

introduced for a longer period of time. As the

centrifuge is moving all the time, subjects can suffer

from motion sickness which can have a negative

impact on the performance of fine motor movements.

Another negative aspect about the centrifuge is that

the gravitational forces acting on the human body are

not the same at all points of the centrifuge. The g

forces are higher on the outside than on the inside at

the pivot point. These methods are very useful for

research aspects but not for practicing fine motor

movements.

Results of studies which investigated EMG

activity under hypergravity condition show an

increase in muscle activity compared to Earth gravity.

The used weight vest of Rantalainen et al. (2012) for

simulating hypergravity induced just a slight increase

of muscle activity compared to Earth gravity. A

reason could be that the vest was not individually

adapted to the subjects' weight or that the weight of

the vest did not affect all measured muscles. As

muscle activity can be an indicator for motor learning

under Earth gravity, it might also be an indicator for

motor learning in hypergravity (Aoyama & Kohno,

2020). This aspect has not been investigated yet.

Methods such as parabolic flights and centrifuges are

useful for research to get to know the short-term

behavior of muscle activity under this condition. The

analysis of the state of the art shows that a novel

training method for hypergravity would be useful in

terms of cost and risk minimization to train under

changing gravity conditions. This is also supported by

the fact that parabolic flights and the use of

centrifuges as the best alternative are expensive and

associated with a risk of motion sickness. The time of

hypergravity during these experiments is also limited.

All these issues could be solved with a novel training

method where no time limitations are caused by the

training method itself. With this background, we want

to test whether an active upper body exoskeleton

(Kirchner, et al., 2016) with several contact points to

the upper limbs of the human body can be used to

generate hypergravity condition and therefore, train

astronauts before being exposed to hypergravity in a

safety-critical environment for the first time. The

Recupera REHA exoskeleton built at DFKI-RIC can

be used for this purpose. It has 7 active degrees of

freedom per arm, so that all movement phases of the

arms can be influenced by the exoskeleton. Tests with

a stroke patient show that it is possible to compensate

for the Earth gravity acting on the patient's arm with

the exoskeleton. Instead of compensating for G-

forces acting on the human arm, the exoskeleton can

also be used to generate hypergravity, i.e., to amplify

G-forces. The contact points with the upper limbs

make it possible to perform free movements.

Compared to recent training opportunities the training

time is not limited as on parabolic flights and there is

no hazard of motion sickness which can occur while

using a centrifuge. (Habenicht, Tabie, Will, &

Kirchner, 2022) The exoskeleton could also be used

to analyse the effect of introducing external force on

Review on the Effects of Hypergravity on Workload and Fine Motor Skills in Humans

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the upper limbs separately from all effects of natural

hypergravity, which also includes acceleration that

has a strong effect on the cardiovascular system by its

own. Introducing forces by active exoskeletons could

be used to analyze whether the effects seen in HR and

HRV are caused by the increased force or by the

acceleration acting on the cardiovascular system. This

would make it possible to differentiate between the

effects of force exposure and force exposure

including circulatory stress (e.g., blood displacement

due to acceleration in SAHC). On the other hand, this

could also be a limitation since it could also be helpful

to train the cardiovascular system and all other organs

to be in hypergravity, which is not possible by using

an active upper body exoskeleton.

5 CONCLUSIONS

In this paper we analyzed the current state on research

investigating the effects of hypergravity on the human

body and in particular on cognition, cardiovascular

activity, muscle activity and fine motor skills

analyzing cognitive (EEG, ECG) and motor

performance (EMG, aiming accuracy). Our survey

shows that all parameters are changing under

hypergravity conditions. It is important to further

investigate how and, above all, why the

aforementioned parameters change in hypergravity,

as there are currently only a few studies on this. In our

future work, we want to test an active exoskeleton for

the upper limbs to simulate hypergravity as a novel

training method for astronauts to prepare them for the

different gravity conditions already during training on

Earth. Such intensive training could reduce the

workload under real hypergravity and the adaptation

time to it, which could make working in safety-

critical environments safer from the start.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The work is supported by the German Federal

Ministry for Economic Affairs and Climate Action

(BMWK) under the grant number FKZ 50RP2340A

in the project VASKuM.

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