Automated Testing of Tezos Blockchain-Oriented Software

Afef Jmal Maâlej and Achraf Weli

ReDCAD Laboratory, National School of Engineers of Sfax, University of Sfax, BP 1173, 3038 Sfax, Tunisia

Keywords:

Automated Software Testing, Test Results Analysis, Secure Smart Contracts, Tezos Blockchain.

Abstract:

This research centers on the testing of smart contracts within the Tezos blockchain as a security veriﬁcation and

validation activity, supporting thus its development life cycle. This speciﬁc blockchain type is recognized for

its self-modifying feature, which facilitates protocol upgrades without network splits. Despite Tezos advanced

technology, smart contracts may still harbor bugs and vulnerabilities, necessitating rigorous software testing

for quality and security assurance. The primary aim of this work is to develop a solution addressing the divide

between technical blockchain development and non-technical participants in the smart contract ecosystem.

Our ST2A testing tool, realized for SmartPy-developed smart contracts, offers a user-friendly platform catering

to individuals with limited blockchain or programming knowledge. Its overarching objective is to illustrate

the Tezos smart contract testing process, ensuring accessibility, comprehension, and actionable insights for

non-developers such as project managers, security auditors, and business stakeholders.

1 INTRODUCTION

Software testing of blockchain-oriented applications

plays a crucial role in ensuring the integrity, se-

curity, and reliability of these novel software sys-

tems. Given the unique characteristics and com-

plexities of blockchain technology, evaluation and

testing methodologies must be developed to address

the speciﬁc challenges and requirements inherent in

blockchain applications.

One of the primary focuses of software testing in

the context of blockchain is the validation of smart

contracts. Smart contracts are self-executing agree-

ments embedded within the blockchain, and thorough

testing is essential to identify vulnerabilities, logic

ﬂaws, and potential security risks. Test scenarios

must be designed to cover a wide range of contract

conditions, including edge cases, to ensure their ac-

curate and secure execution.

Additionally, testing the consensus mechanisms

of a blockchain is critical. Consensus algorithms,

such as Proof of Work (PoW) or Proof of Stake (PoS),

ensure the agreement and validation of transactions

across the network. Testing these mechanisms in-

volves simulating various network conditions, evalu-

ating their performance, and assessing their resilience

against potential attacks or failures.

In summary, software testing of blockchain-

oriented applications involves specialized methodolo-

gies and approaches speciﬁcally tailored to the unique

characteristics of blockchain technology. The focus

includes validating smart contracts, testing consen-

sus mechanisms, performing integration and security

tests, and evaluating performance aspects. Organiza-

tions can increase conﬁdence and trust among users

and stakeholders by establishing blockchain systems

through extensive tests to ensure their robustness and

dependability.

In this paper, we consider Tezos as a blockchain

platform that offers a unique set of characteristics and

advantages such as self-amendment, formal veriﬁca-

tion, on-chain governance, scalability, performance,

and interoperability. In this context, we propose

ST2A, a tool for automated testing of smart contracts

on the Tezos blockchain. The fundamental aim of

our solution is to overcome the difﬁculties of the test-

ing procedures associated with Tezos smart contracts,

rendering them accessible, comprehensible, secure,

and actionable for non-developers, including project

managers, security auditors, and business stakehold-

ers. In particular, the application streamlines the test-

ing process through automation, enhancing efﬁciency

and user experience.

The remainder of this paper is organized as fol-

lows. Section 2 provides basic concepts about the

Tezos blockchain and software testing. Section 3

draws a literature review on software testing of Tezos

blockchain-oriented applications. Afterwards, we de-

Maâlej, A. J. and Weli, A.

Automated Testing of Tezos Blockchain-Oriented Software.

DOI: 10.5220/0013291000003928

Paper published under CC license (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0)

In Proceedings of the 20th International Conference on Evaluation of Novel Approaches to Software Engineering (ENASE 2025), pages 541-548

ISBN: 978-989-758-742-9; ISSN: 2184-4895

541

scribe our proposed solution, the SmartPy Test Anal-

ysis Application (ST2A), in Section 4. Then, a case

study of "TicTacToe" Tezos smart contract testing is

presented in Section 5. Finally, in Section 6, we con-

clude with a summary of our contributions and iden-

tify prospective study areas for the future.

2 BASIC CONCEPTS

In this section, we provide an introductory overview

of both Tezos blockchain technology and software

testing, contextualizing their signiﬁcance within the

broader ﬁeld.

2.1 Tezos Blockchain Technology

Blockchain is a distributed ledger technology that en-

ables transparent, secure, and decentralized storage

and transmission of information. It operates on a net-

work of participants, known as nodes, who validate

and record transactions in a distributed ledger, com-

monly referred to as a public ledger (Feng, 2023).

Fundamentally, the blockchain functions by

grouping transactions into blocks, which are subse-

quently added to a chain of blocks in chronologi-

cal order. Each block contains a set of transactions

along with a cryptographic hash link to the previ-

ous block, creating an immutable and tamper-resistant

structure (Gupta et al., 2023).

In this work, we consider Tezos blockchain tech-

nology (tez, 2023) as a novel approach to software

engineering, it presents a unique set of characteristics

and advantages. Here are some of the key characteris-

tics and advantages of the Tezos blockchain (Olivieri

et al., 2023):

• Self-Amendment: One of the distinctive fea-

tures of Tezos is its ability to self-amend through

on-chain governance. This means that the pro-

tocol can evolve and upgrade itself without re-

quiring hard forks or contentious community de-

bates. Tezos stakeholders can propose and vote on

changes, ensuring a more decentralized and adapt-

able blockchain ecosystem.

• Proof-of-Stake (PoS) Consensus: Tezos utilizes

a proof-of-stake consensus mechanism, where

validators, known as "bakers", are chosen to cre-

ate new blocks and secure the network based on

their stake in the system. PoS consensus ensures

energy efﬁciency, as it does not require intensive

computational power like Proof-of-Work (PoW)

systems, and encourages stakeholder participation

and security.

- Delegated Proof of Stake (DPoS): Within

the Tezos ecosystem, stakeholders possess the

capability to delegate their validation rights to

other participants without relinquishing owner-

ship. This sophisticated system fosters a more

democratic and decentralized approach to the

mining process.

- Liquid Proof-of-Stake (LPoS): Representing

an advancement beyond DPoS, the LPoS mecha-

nism in Tezos empowers token holders to engage

in the consensus process as either delegators or

validators, thereby contributing to the heightened

security of the network.

• Formal Veriﬁcation: Tezos incorporates formal

veriﬁcation, a technique used to mathematically

verify the correctness of smart contracts and pro-

tocol speciﬁcations. By employing formal meth-

ods, Tezos aims to enhance security, prevent bugs,

and ensure the integrity of the platform, making it

more robust and trustworthy.

• On-Chain Governance: Tezos features on-chain

governance, enabling stakeholders to actively par-

ticipate in the decision-making process regarding

protocol upgrades, parameter adjustments, and

the allocation of resources. This inclusive gov-

ernance model promotes decentralization, fosters

community engagement, and avoids the need for

contentious hard forks.

• Smart Contract Platform: Tezos serves as a

platform for developing and executing smart con-

tracts. It supports multiple programming lan-

guages, including Michelson, a Domain-Speciﬁc

Language (DSL) speciﬁcally designed for formal

veriﬁcation of smart contracts. This ﬂexibility and

security-oriented approach make Tezos an attrac-

tive choice for building Decentralized Applica-

tions (DApps) and deploying complex smart con-

tracts.

• Scalability and Performance: Tezos aims to ad-

dress scalability challenges through its design and

governance model. By allowing stakeholders to

propose and vote on protocol upgrades, Tezos

can potentially implement scaling solutions to im-

prove network performance and throughput, en-

suring the blockchain can handle a growing num-

ber of transactions.

• Interoperability: Tezos is designed to be inter-

operable, allowing it to interact and exchange in-

formation with other blockchain networks and de-

centralized systems. This interoperability enables

seamless integration with external protocols, fa-

cilitating cross-chain interactions and fostering a

broader blockchain ecosystem.

ENASE 2025 - 20th International Conference on Evaluation of Novel Approaches to Software Engineering

542

These characteristics and advantages of the Tezos

blockchain make it an innovative and promising plat-

form for decentralized applications, governance, and

secure smart contract execution. Its self-amendment

capability, proof-of-stake consensus, formal veriﬁca-

tion, on-chain governance, and focus on scalability

contribute to its potential as a robust and adaptable

blockchain infrastructure (Olivieri et al., 2023).

2.2 Software Testing

Software testing forms a vital aspect of the software

development lifecycle, guaranteeing the quality, reli-

ability, and functionality of software systems. It en-

tails a methodical examination, evaluation, and val-

idation of diverse components and functionalities to

detect defects, errors, and vulnerabilities. The fun-

damental objective of software testing is to identify

potential issues and discrepancies at an early stage

of development, enabling developers to rectify them

before releasing the software to end-users (Koskinen,

2023).

The necessity for software testing arises due to the

inherent complexity of software systems, which en-

compass interdependent modules, sophisticated algo-

rithms, and intricate user interactions. As software

applications gain increasing signiﬁcance in critical

domains like ﬁnance, healthcare, and transportation,

the importance of rigorous testing practices becomes

ever more apparent. A solitary software failure or de-

fect can result in severe consequences, including ﬁ-

nancial losses, compromised data security, and even

endangering human lives (Sugianti et al., 2023).

Software testing includes a broad spectrum of ac-

tivities, including test planning, test design, test ex-

ecution, defect tracking, and test result analysis. It

employs diverse techniques such as black-box testing,

white-box testing, and gray-box testing to evaluate the

software’s functionality, performance, usability, and

security. Additionally, various types of testing, such

as unit testing, integration testing, system testing, and

acceptance testing, are performed at different stages

of the software development process (Zheng, 2023).

The evolution of software testing has been pro-

pelled by advancements in testing methodologies,

tools, and automation frameworks. Testers employ

both manual and automated testing approaches to

ensure comprehensive coverage and maximize efﬁ-

ciency. Furthermore, agile development methodolo-

gies and DevOps practices have revolutionized the

testing landscape, emphasizing continuous integra-

tion and continuous testing to support frequent soft-

ware releases and updates (Sugianti et al., 2023).

2.3 Software Testing of Tezos

Blockchain-Oriented Applications

Software testing of Tezos blockchain-oriented appli-

cations in particular ensures the integrity, security,

and reliability of these specialized software systems.

Considering the characteristics of Tezos blockchain

technology, testing methodologies must be proposed

to address the speciﬁc challenges and requirements

existing in these applications.

One of the primary objectives of software testing

in the context of Tezos blockchain is the validation

of smart contracts. Smart contracts are self-executing

agreements embedded within the blockchain, and

thorough testing is essential to identify vulnerabili-

ties, logic ﬂaws, and potential security risks. Test sce-

narios must be designed to cover a wide range of con-

tract conditions, including edge cases, to ensure their

accurate and secure execution.

Additionally, testing the consensus mechanisms

of a blockchain is critical. Consensus algorithms,

such as Proof of Work (PoW) or Proof of Stake (PoS),

ensure the agreement and validation of transactions

across the network. Testing these mechanisms in-

volves simulating various network conditions, evalu-

ating their performance, and assessing their resilience

against potential attacks or failures.

Besides, integration testing is another crucial

aspect of Tezos blockchain software testing. As

blockchain systems typically interact with exter-

nal systems, such as wallets, exchanges, or other

blockchain networks, it is essential to verify the seam-

less integration and interoperability of these compo-

nents. Integration tests validate the proper ﬂow of

data, the accurate processing of transactions, and the

adherence to established standards and protocols.

In addition, security testing is of utmost impor-

tance in Tezos blockchain-oriented applications. This

involves conducting vulnerability assessments, pene-

tration testing, and code reviews to identify potential

security loopholes or weaknesses in the blockchain

network and associated applications. Thorough se-

curity testing helps mitigate the risk of malicious at-

tacks, unauthorized access and data breaches.

Furthermore, performance testing is also signiﬁ-

cant in the context of Tezos blockchain applications.

The ability of the blockchain network to handle a

high volume of transactions, scalability, and respon-

siveness is essential to ensure its practical usabil-

ity. Performance tests simulate real-world conditions

and stress the system to evaluate its response time,

throughput, and overall performance under varying

loads.

To sum up, software testing of Tezos blockchain-

Automated Testing of Tezos Blockchain-Oriented Software

543

oriented applications involves specialized approaches

made to the unique characteristics of blockchain tech-

nology. The focus includes validating smart contracts,

testing consensus mechanisms, conducting integra-

tion and security testing, besides evaluating perfor-

mance aspects. By ensuring the reliability and ro-

bustness of Tezos blockchain systems through com-

prehensive testing, organizations can build trust and

conﬁdence among users and stakeholders.

3 RELATED WORKS

In this section, an exhaustive analysis delves into var-

ious methodologies applied to test blockchain-based

applications, with a speciﬁc emphasis on those rooted

in Tezos technology.

In their research, (Rahouti et al., 2023) present

a blockchain-centric strategy for visual navigation,

meticulously crafted for a heterogeneous team of

robots navigating an extensive visual domain. Note-

worthy is its elimination of the dependence on map

data structures, catering to robotic platforms with lim-

ited computing resources. The approach leverages

real-time visual information, fostering resilient path

selection and adaptive navigation. Additionally, a

streamlined Proof-of-Work (PoW) mechanism is in-

troduced to enhance consensus within the untrusted

visual network.

Expanding on this, (Arts et al., 2023) articu-

late the use of Property Based Testing (PBT) tech-

niques to automate testing of fundamental compo-

nents of the Aeternity blockchain, ensuring its robust-

ness and high-quality performance. PBT, though po-

tent, poses challenges in the intricate task of testing

blockchains. The Aeternity property-based testing

model aligns with the blockchain structure, system-

atically separating diverse functionalities into distinct

model sections, enhancing clarity, and reducing boil-

erplate test code. The focus revolves around identify-

ing valid blockchain transactions, with meticulous in-

strumentation enabling a comprehensive observation

of feature combinations and their frequencies during

tests. This documentation offers insights applicable

not only to Aeternity but also to the testing of other

blockchains and complex feature-based systems.

Moving forward, (Nishida et al., 2022) delin-

eate the Helmholtz type-based static veriﬁcation tool

for Michelson, a statically typed stack-based lan-

guage for Tezos smart contracts. Built on an ex-

tended Michelson type system enriched with reﬁne-

ment types, Helmholtz stands as a robust tool for

veriﬁcation. It scrutinizes a Michelson program’s

type adherence to a user-deﬁned speciﬁcation, of-

ﬂoading veriﬁcation conditions to the SMT Z3 solver.

Helmholtz’s reﬁnement types cover the foundational

Mini-Michelson calculus, incorporating complex fea-

tures like compound data types and higher-order func-

tions. Its efﬁcacy is demonstrated through successful

veriﬁcation of diverse Michelson programs.

Transitioning to broader perspectives, (Do et al.,

2022) advocate for a sharding-based blockchain as a

strategic solution to enhance blockchain effectiveness

within large-scale networks. The proposal involves

partitioning the network into distinct shards, enabling

parallel transaction processing and reducing the quo-

rum size for quicker consensus. Addressing unifor-

mity challenges in existing sharding-based networks,

the authors propose a system with heterogeneous con-

sensus algorithms, showcasing substantial improve-

ments in experimental results.

Furthermore, (Milo et al., 2022) contribute three

insightful case studies, examining vulnerabilities

within smart contracts, including the Dexter1 token

swap, iToken, and Brave’s BAT token ICO. Demon-

strating the potential efﬁcacy of property-based test-

ing, they utilize ConCert, an executable model for

smart contracts. This amalgamation of formal veriﬁ-

cation and property-based testing proves compelling

for fortifying smart contract security and reliability.

In the domain of Internet of Drones (IoD), (Al-

samhi et al., 2022) introduce a blockchain-based ap-

proach to manage multi-drone collaboration, address-

ing challenges of energy efﬁciency and information

security. Blockchain serves as a communication

tool, enhancing consensus acquisition in swarm op-

erations, ultimately improving security, energy ef-

ﬁciency, and connectivity in multi-drone collabora-

tions. This strategic integration aims to advance sta-

bility and feasibility in real-world challenges within

the smart world.

To sum up, the studied approaches for testing

Tezos blockchain-based applications bring notable

advantages. Tezos, with its unique features and

architecture, provides a robust foundation for the

development and testing of decentralized applica-

tions. The use of a formal veriﬁcation mechanism

in Tezos, which includes a self-amending blockchain

and Michelson as its smart contract language, en-

hances the reliability and security of applications.

The ability to employ property-based testing tech-

niques ensures a thorough evaluation of the core com-

ponents, contributing to the overall software quality

of the Tezos blockchain.

Our proposed solution for automated testing of

smart contracts under the Tezos blockchain permits

to narrow the divide between intricate blockchain de-

velopment and non-technical stakeholders engaged in

ENASE 2025 - 20th International Conference on Evaluation of Novel Approaches to Software Engineering

544

the smart contract ecosystem. It provides an intuitive

platform designed for the testing and analysis of smart

contracts, catering speciﬁcally to individuals lacking

an extensive grasp of blockchain technology or pro-

gramming.

4 DESCRIPTION OF OUR

TESTING SOLUTION

The fundamental aim of our solution is to eluci-

date the intricacies of the testing procedures asso-

ciated with Tezos smart contracts, rendering them

accessible, comprehensible, and actionable for non-

developers, including project managers, security au-

ditors, and business stakeholders. Notably, our pro-

posed tool, ST2A, streamlines the testing process

through automation, enhancing efﬁciency and the

user experience.

4.1 Used Technologies

Our solution seamlessly integrates various technolo-

gies to achieve its goal:

• Electron: At the forefront is Electron, a frame-

work for creating native applications with web

technologies like JavaScript, HTML and CSS.

Electron is employed to build the desktop applica-

tion interface, providing a modern and accessible

user experience.

• SmartPy CLI: SmartPy CLI is utilized for exe-

cuting the tests of the smart contracts. It serves

as the bridge between the smart contract code and

the application, enabling the execution of tests and

generation of results in a standardized format.

• Python: Python scripts form the backbone of the

application’s logic. They are used for process-

ing and analyzing the test results generated by the

SmartPy CLI. Python’s versatility and ease of use

make it ideal for handling complex data process-

ing while maintaining code readability and sim-

plicity.

4.2 General Architecture of Our

Proposed Solution

The application architecture is designed to be intuitive

and efﬁcient, consisting of the following components

(see Figure 1):

• User Interface (UI): Developed using Electron,

the UI provides a clean and straightforward layout

where users can load smart contract ﬁles (written

in SmartPy) and deﬁne expected test outcomes.

The interface is designed to be intuitive, requiring

minimal technical knowledge.

• Test Execution and Result Processing: Upon

user input, the application utilizes SmartPy CLI to

execute the smart contracts’ tests. The results are

then processed by custom Python scripts, which

extract and analyze the data, transforming it into

a more digestible format.

• Result Comparison and Analysis: Another set

of Python scripts compares the extracted test re-

sults with user-provided expected outcomes. This

comparison is crucial for verifying the smart con-

tract’s functionality against predeﬁned expecta-

tions

• Graphical Report Generation: Finally, the ap-

plication generates a comprehensive report in a

PDF format. This report includes detailed anal-

yses, such as success and failure rates and com-

parative evaluations, presented through easy-to-

understand graphs and charts. This step is crucial

for non-technical users, as it translates complex

test results into visually understandable informa-

tion.

In summary, the application stands out by provid-

ing a streamlined, non-technical interface to the pow-

erful testing capabilities of SmartPy, thereby opening

up the world of blockchain and smart contract test-

ing to a broader audience. Its architecture smartly in-

tegrates various technologies to ensure that the com-

plexities of smart contract testing are abstracted away,

leaving users with clear insights and actionable infor-

mation.

5 TESTING OF "TicTacToe"

TEZOS SMART CONTRACT

In this in-depth section, we delve into the testing pro-

cess of the "TicTacToe" Tezos smart contract using

our proposed tool, highlighting its ability to facilitate

error detection and correction, particularly for non-

technical testers.

5.1 Test Setup

• Smart Contract Tested: "TicTacToe", a classic

game implementing various interactions.

• Tests Conducted: Several game moves, includ-

ing forbidden moves and victory validations.

• Oracle (Expected Values): A JSON ﬁle contain-

ing the expected results for each game action.

Automated Testing of Tezos Blockchain-Oriented Software

545

Figure 1: General Architecture of our Solution.

5.2 Execution and Extraction of Results

• Using SmartPy CLI: Executing the contract gen-

erates detailed logs.

• Result Extraction: The script extract_a_json.py

processes the logs to extract key results, saved in

extract.json.

5.3 Comparison of Results and Report

Generation

• Comparison: Matching the results with ex-

pected values using compare_results.py, creating

results_comparison.json.

• PDF Report: analyse_tests.py produces a de-

tailed PDF report, illustrated with explanatory

graphs.

5.4 Analysis of Results

• Generated Graphs:

- Success/Failure Bar Chart: Visually presents

successful and failed operations (see Figure 2).

- Circular Chart: Distribution of successful and

failed tests (see Figure 3).

• Key Observations:

- Error Detection: The analysis revealed a diver-

gence in the play_9 test. The expected value in-

dicated that the second player’s move should have

been blocked (as the ﬁrst player had already won),

but the obtained value showed the move was ex-

ecuted. This ﬁnding is crucial as it suggests the

code might be improved to include conditions that

prevent such moves once the game is concluded.

Following this observation, the tester can recom-

mend the developer to revise the game functions to

better handle end-of-game logic.

5.5 Beneﬁts for Testers

Our solution easily identiﬁed an inconsistency in the

smart contract’s behavior, which might have been

challenging to detect without the graphs and detailed

report. Thus, the tool proves extremely useful, of-

fering a user-friendly platform for complex analysis,

making smart contract testing accessible even to non-

technical users.

In conclusion, this test example with "TicTacToe"

demonstrates the efﬁciency and added value of our ap-

plication in the Tezos smart contract testing process.

It not only simpliﬁes the testing procedure but also

offers helpful details for the ongoing improvement of

smart contracts.

5.6 Improvement Lifecycle of a Tezos

Smart Contract

This section demonstrates how our application facil-

itates an iterative testing and improvement cycle for

ENASE 2025 - 20th International Conference on Evaluation of Novel Approaches to Software Engineering

546

Figure 2: Success/Failure Bar Chart.

Figure 3: Success/Failure Circular Chart.

Tezos smart contracts, using the "TicTacToe" smart

contract example, particularly focusing on the play_9

test case.

5.6.1 Error Identiﬁcation

• In the initial testing cycle, the application revealed

a discrepancy in the play_9 test.

• Identiﬁed issue: After the ﬁrst player won, the

second player’s move should have been disal-

lowed, yet it was executed.

5.6.2 Referral Back to Development

• Following this discovery, the tester recommends

revising the code to properly handle the game’s

conclusion. The developer then amends the smart

contract to address the identiﬁed error.

5.6.3 New Testing Cycle

• With the corrections made, the "TicTacToe" smart

contract undergoes another round of testing. The

objective is to ascertain whether the modiﬁcation

has effectively resolved the issue.

5.6.4 Post-Correction Results

• The tests are rerun using the modiﬁed version of

the smart contract. The application again con-

ducts the extraction, comparison, and report gen-

eration.

5.6.5 Analysis of Revised Results

• Test results now show a signiﬁcant improvement.

Particularly, the play_9 test now displays the ex-

pected behavior, validating the developer’s cor-

rection.

5.6.6 100

• A circular graph generated by the application now

shows a 100% success rate (see Figure 4).

• This result not only indicates the effective resolu-

tion of the issue but also our approach capability

in facilitating the iterative testing process.

6 CONCLUSION & FUTURE

WORKS

In this paper, we propose our ST2A solution, based

on best practices and experience in applying novel

Automated Testing of Tezos Blockchain-Oriented Software

547

Figure 4: Success/Failure Circular Chart.

approaches, as a testing mechanism for secure Tezos

smart contracts. It signiﬁcantly enhances the testing

process for smart contracts on the Tezos blockchain

and thus can be applied to large-scale industrial

projects in the context of such software architectures.

Our application automates various steps of the

Tezos smart contract testing process, signiﬁcantly re-

ducing the time and effort required by testers. This

automation is particularly beneﬁcial for repetitive or

complex testing scenarios. In addition, the ability to

generate detailed and graphical test reports is a no-

table feature of our application. This approach makes

test results more accessible and easier to interpret,

especially for testers who may not have a technical

background in blockchain technology. Moreover, by

making smart contract testing more approachable for

non-technical users, our application extends the ca-

pability to test and validate smart contracts on the

Tezos blockchain to a wider audience and thus leads

to more secure, robust, and reliable smart contract de-

ployments.

The potential impact of our application on the

smart contract testing process is substantial. As a soft-

ware security veriﬁcation and validation approach,

it serves as a bridge between blockchain developers

and less technical stakeholders, ensuring better under-

standing and more thorough validation of smart con-

tracts.

As future works, we aim to automate expected or-

acle values using Artiﬁcial Intelligence and Machine

Learning, by developing a system that can automat-

ically generate expected values based on smart con-

tract analysis. This feature could signiﬁcantly reduce

test preparation time and increase efﬁciency. Also, to

overcome the local environment dependency limita-

tion, integrating the application with cloud platforms

could offer greater ﬂexibility and accessibility. Be-

sides, it would be interesting to expand the applica-

tion’s reach by adding support for multiple program-

ming languages used in smart contract development,

not just limited to SmartPy.

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