Virtual Kitchen: Using a Touch Table for Cognitive

Rehabilitation in Activities of Daily Living

Paul Richard

, Emmanuelle Richard

, Maxime Mac

and Teddy Louisy

LARIS SFR Mathstic, University of Angers, 62 Av. Notre Dame du Lac, 49000 Angers, France

Keywords:

Virtual Reality, Touch Table, Rehabilitation, Errorless Learning, Activities of Daily Living.

Abstract:

A tool designed to assess and rehabilitate memory in patients with Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI) or

People with Dementia (PwD) is presented. This tool includes a touch table equipped with a 3D camera on top

for motion capture and a 3D Virtual Kitchen application. The aim is to assess and strengthen their ability to

memorize and reproduce the activity of preparing a cup of sweetened coffee with milk. An errorless learning

method has been implemented to prevent the user from performing and remembering any erroneous actions

while performing the task. We conducted a preliminary study with eight healthy participants to investigate

the usability of the solution. The results suggest that Virtual Kitchen on H

osea touch table is user-friendly,

motivating, and requires a moderate workload. We assume that the use of the touch table to interact with the

virtual objects will optimize the rehabilitation process for instrumental activities of daily living (IADLs).

1 INTRODUCTION

With virtual reality (VR), a human can be immersed

in a virtual environment (VE) in which he can interact

in real time using 3D techniques based on our natural

abilities of action, perception and expression (Fuchs

et al., 2001; Burdea and Coiffet, 2024). In the con-

text of motor and cognitive rehabilitation, VEs allow

the acquisition of a large quantity of data, minimizing

errors and improving the reliability of results. Addi-

tionally, measurements can be improved, allowing the

examination of parameters that are difﬁcult to capture

with traditional ”paper-and-pencil” tasks (Chae and

Lee, 2023). Virtual reality provides an ecosystem ca-

pable of dynamically adjusting the difﬁculty of cogni-

tive and sensorimotor tasks for each patient. Specif-

ically, VR devices facilitate the personalization and

adaptation of therapeutic interventions. However, vi-

sualizing, selecting, and manipulating virtual objects

typically relies on fully immersive setups and 3D in-

teraction devices, which can present challenges for

older adults. In fact, immersion achieved with head-

mounted displays (HMDs) or Cave Automatic Virtual

Environments (CAVEs) can lead to problems such as

simulator sickness (Cherniack, 2011).

The main objective of the work presented in this

paper is to offer an easy to use and high performance

https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9905-847X

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9592-6150

https://orcid.org/0009-0008-0939-8146

https://orcid.org/0009-0004-3832-9482

tool to reinforce the ability to carry out an activity

of daily living in people with Mild Cognitive Impair-

ment (MCI) and People with Dementia (PwD). In

the following section, we present some work based

on VR setup and techniques but also on some touch

tables with their use in cognitive rehabilitation. In

section 3, we present our experimental device called

osea and the Virtual Kitchen application including

the task, the interaction technique, and the proposed

error-free learning method. Finally, we present our

preliminary usability results, and then the article ends

with a conclusion and presents future work.

2 RELATED WORK

2.1 VR Techniques

Virtual reality techniques have been used in cogni-

tive neuropsychology since the early 2000s. In 2004,

a comprehensive study was conducted by Rizzo et

al., (Rizzo et al., 2004). More recently, reviews

have been conducted by Smith et al., (Smith, 2023)

and Catania et al. (Catania et al., 2024). In a study

by Brooks et al., VE enabled an amnesic patient to

learn to move around his rehabilitation center (Brooks

et al., 1999). Before training, the patient was unable

to navigate 10 simple routes within the real unit, all

involving locations he visited regularly. Initially, the

patient was unable to ﬁnd simple routes in places he

had previously visited. The VE training sessions sig-

666

Richard, P., Richard, E., Macé, M. and Louisy, T.

Virtual Kitchen: Using a Touch Table for Cognitive Rehabilitation in Activities of Daily Living.

DOI: 10.5220/0013356700003912

Paper published under CC license (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0)

In Proceedings of the 20th International Joint Conference on Computer Vision, Imaging and Computer Graphics Theory and Applications (VISIGRAPP 2025) - Volume 1: GRAPP, HUCAPP

and IVAPP, pages 666-673

ISBN: 978-989-758-728-3; ISSN: 2184-4321

niﬁcantly improved his ability to move around on his

own.

In order to avoid the problems caused by im-

mersion in VE, some works have proposed a non-

immersive approach. This approach relies on using a

simple monitor or a screen with a video projector (Al-

lain et al., 2014; Foloppe et al., 2018; Yamaguchi

et al., 2012; Richard et al., 2018; Lecouvey et al.,

2019; Klinger, 2006; Cogn

e et al., 2017). Although

these studies showed some efﬁcacy of the proposed

non-immersive setup, difﬁculties were mentioned for

some patients regarding the use of the mouse to se-

lect or drag-and-drop the virtual objects. A study

by Plechat

a et al. investigated the responsiveness of

a memory task based on a supermarket scenario for

young and senior participants using an immersive in-

terface with a headset and low immersion with a com-

puter. The results suggest that the use of VR is tir-

ing for both groups, but that seniors performed better

with the computer with minimal side effects (Plechat

et al., 2019).

In a comparative study by Jin et al. on the learning

of traditional art among students, the use of a touch ta-

ble and a VR headset highlighted several aspects. The

table proved to be beneﬁcial for quick handling, play-

ing on the quality of its intuitive interface. This also

facilitated the dialogue between the experimenters.

Conversely, VR has been shown to be more engaging

and attractive in the long term (Jin et al., 2021). From

these comparative studies, we see the advantages of

touch tables in terms of collaboration and accessibil-

ity. The approach we promote in this research is to

use a touch table that allows direct manipulation of

the virtual objects and devices.

2.2 Touch Table Interfaces

Touch tables are present in several industries such as

engineering (Kaya et al., 2017), exhibition (van Dijk

et al., 2012), music (Cossou et al., 2018) and health-

care (Ro et al., 2023). Historically present since the

1990s, touch tables have experienced strong growth

in 2010s (Bruun et al., 2017). Touch table offer an

accessible solution adapted to the varied contexts of

medical-social centers and is a good alternative in

many situations. Different touch table devices coex-

ist. The main differences are characterized by the dis-

play and touch interaction technologies. For the dis-

play mode, touch tables are divided into rear projec-

tion systems and integrated screen systems. Among

the tables using projection, the devices vary accord-

ing to whether they use an external projector or an

internal projection. When it comes to screen display

tables, there are also different design approaches. The

most commonly used are projected capacitive, resis-

tive, infrared, camera optics, and planar scattering

on vision (Sch

oning et al., 2008). Each table of-

fers unique advantages and disadvantages, but most

of them offer a natural interaction interface without

the need for proxies and with multi-touch interaction

capture. This aspect is important for the accessibility

of the interface for proﬁles subject to cognitive dis-

orders and whose use of the controllers may prove

difﬁcult (Annett et al., 2012). Additionally, the ro-

bustness of the screen provide relative tolerance to

sudden movements and imprecise handling (Augstein

et al., 2016). Furthermore, the enlarged interaction

zone offers freedom of movement and bimanual use

of the interface (Augstein et al., 2015). Finally, fa-

miliarity with traditional tables and touchscreen de-

vices makes touch tables intuitive interfaces, offering

manipulation that closely resembles everyday physi-

cal interactions (Annett et al., 2012).

Some studies have discussed the use of touch ta-

bles with an elderly population. On a European scale,

the ElderGames project has developed a solution to

improve the quality of life of elderly people (Gam-

berini et al., 2009). The device was designed to pre-

serve cognitive functions and help prevent cognitive

dysfunctions associated with aging. In parallel, Mah-

moud et al. identiﬁed recommendations for the de-

sign and evaluation of touch table games for older

adults (Al Mahmud et al., 2008). Gundogdu et al.

proposed the use of touch tables for reminiscence

therapy (i.e. an intervention aimed at recalling mem-

ories in older adults) (G

undogdu et al., 2017).

3 MATERIALS

3.1 The H

osea Table

Our touch table, called H

osea, was designed to be

used in rehabilitation centers and nursing homes. It

is accessible to people with reduced mobility or for

use while standing. A 3D model of our touch table

is shown in Figure 1. It consists of an open-frame

projected capacitive screen with a detection capacity

and a display surface of 43 inches (109.22 cm). The

two miniature jacks allow the screen to be positioned

ﬂat or tilted and the height to be adjusted. The table

is adjustable using buttons to operate the two elec-

tric jacks. The frame is made of aluminum and in-

cludes a side handle at each end to facilitate the move-

ment of the structure. Two columns consisting of two

legs with four directional wheels allow the table to be

moved.

In use, the medical brakes on each of the wheels

Virtual Kitchen: Using a Touch Table for Cognitive Rehabilitation in Activities of Daily Living

667

(a) (b)

Figure 1: 3D model of the H

osea touch table in low position

(a) and high inclined position (b).

guarantee the stability of the structure. The cen-

tral unit integrated in one of the two side boxes is a

compact, non-ventilated industrial computer, also de-

signed in aluminum and used for ecological consider-

ations of energy consumption, recycling and robust-

ness. The operating system embedded in the central

unit is Windows 10 IOT.

3.2 The Virtual Kitchen

The Virtual Kitchen presented here has already been

the subject of publications to which we bring new

perspectives through the use of tactile interactions

with the Multi-touch Table (Yamaguchi et al., 2012;

Allain et al., 2014; Richard et al., 2018; Foloppe

et al., 2018). Cognitive stimulation involves certain

components of cognitive functions, which are higher

functions of the brain: attention, memory, executive

functions, visuospatial functions, and language

(Lumsden et al., 2016). In this work, we study in

particular the rehabilitation of memory and executive

functions such as planning in instrumental activities

of daily living (IADL).

Figure 2: Front view of the Virtual Kitchen.

The choice of a Virtual Kitchen is justiﬁed by the

fact that a kitchen occupies an important place in peo-

ple’s daily life activities in their own home. The Vir-

tual Kitchen is illustrated in Figure 2. On the Virtual

Kitchen table are arranged all the elements and in-

gredients necessary for preparing a cup of sweetened

coffee with milk. A coffee machine is also available,

equipped with a water tank and a compartment for

coffee ﬁlter and ground coffee. To open the compart-

ment, the touch table allows you to simply touch it

with a ﬁnger. A button (at the bottom) allows you to

turn the machine on and off. This button, which is ini-

tially red, turns green to indicate that the machine is

making coffee. During this preparation time, a cof-

fee machine noise is emitted. Another button (at the

top) allows you to open and close the water tank. To

enhance the realism of the task, appropriate sounds

are emitted when the user pours water into the com-

partment, puts ground coffee into the coffee ﬁlter, and

pours milk into the cup. The same is true when the

objects (jug, milk carton, water jug, coffee carton) are

put back on the table.

3.2.1 Setup and Procedure

The setup is illustrated in Figure 3. The user sits in

front of the touch table. An Orbbec Astra 3D camera

(IR + RGB) is placed high behind the table. This cam-

era can capture a wide range of behaviors to assess

and support the recovery process. These behaviors

are crucial for both the diagnosis of impairments and

the monitoring of a patient’s progress during rehabil-

itation. In particular, the camera makes it possible to

capture the kinetics of movements in space which per-

mits a better analysis of patient performance. For ex-

ample, we can identify patients’ hesitations, parasitic,

compensatory, and pathological movements.

(a) (b)

Figure 3: User watching the video showing the different

actions to perform (a) and selection of the milk jug (b).

The application was developed using Unity3D

2021 game Engine. A main menu allowing to enter

a user ID is proposed (Fig. 4). The identiﬁer will be

used to name the backup ﬁle (CSV). The menu also

allows you to specify the time at which the visual

and sound signals are triggered. In this case, the

application can be used for patient assessment. The

menu also allows you to launch the instruction video

and start or exit the application. The generated CSV

HUCAPP 2025 - 9th International Conference on Human Computer Interaction Theory and Applications

668

ﬁle includes the 3D camera movement data, as well

as all relevant events (object selection, errors, number

of cues used) and their timing.

Figure 4: Main menu of the Virtual Kitchen application.

The proposed procedure is as follows. First,

the user must watch a video that shows the differ-

ent actions that must be memorized and reproduced

(Fig. 3a). Once the video is ﬁnished, the application

launches. You must then reproduce each action, one

by one, in the same order. At the end of the activity, a

ﬁnal view allows you to see the necessary assistance

as well as the omissions made. This section provides

an opportunity for discussion between the elder and

their caregiver on the task performed. The list of data

collected during the exercise is given in table 1.

3.2.2 Interaction Techniques

The interaction technique used on the touch table is

very intuitive. The user simply has to touch with any

ﬁnger the object or element of the scene to be selected

(Fig. 3b). The corresponding action is then executed

automatically using a predeﬁned 3D animation. For

those able to perform the required arm movements,

a non-automatic mode has also been implemented. In

this mode, to move objects, the user must keep his ﬁn-

ger on the table surface and perform translation move-

ments.

3.2.3 Errorless Learning

Errorless learning could be useful for patients with

cognitive impairments, such as memory disorders or

learning disabilities, where making errors can lead to

frustration or reinforce incorrect learning. Although

this approach has many advantages, such as reduc-

ing anxiety, preventing errors, it also has limitations.

For example, errorless learning provides heavy guid-

ance and support, which can cause the patient to be-

come dependent. This can limit the ability to transfer

learned skills to real-world situations where cues are

not present. In addition, for some patients, this high

level of support can inhibit problem solving and inde-

Table 1: Descriptive list of quantitative collected data.

Data Type

Time Number (Secondes)

Actions Categorical (Click on

the button; Opening the

compartment; Incorrect

action; Closing the wa-

ter tank)

Total number of clicks Number

Correct action Categorical (Correct;

Incorrect; With help)

Number of sound cues Number

Number of audio and visual

cues

Number

Automatic movement count Number

Total number of indices Number

Total number of errors Number

Waiting time before cues Number

pendent learning, as they are not encouraged to ﬁnd

solutions on their own or deal with mistakes. Finally,

by preventing errors, errorless learning may reduce

the cognitive challenge and patient engagement.

Keeping these advantages and drawbacks in mind,

an errorless learning approach has been implemented

to prevent the patient from making mistakes, such as

selecting the wrong object or using the machine at the

wrong time. For example, if the patient selects an ob-

ject or activates the machine when he should not, the

corresponding action is not performed but the error is

logged. If the patient does not perform an expected

action, after a while a human voice indicates the ac-

tion to be performed, for example ‘Place the coffee ﬁl-

ter in the compartment’. Then, if the patient still can-

not perform the expected action after the same amount

of time, the action is repeated verbally and the object

to be selected ﬂashes. Finally, if the patient still does

nothing, the required action is performed automati-

cally and the next one is moved on.

3.2.4 Task Description

The task consists of a series of 12 consecutive actions.

The goal is to prepare a cup of sweetened milk cof-

fee using the proposed ingredients and the coffee ma-

chine. The user simply places his ﬁnger on the ma-

chine’s opening/closing and activating/deactivating

buttons. The selected object is animated to automat-

ically perform the associated action. Animations are

also used to open and close the coffee and water com-

Virtual Kitchen: Using a Touch Table for Cognitive Rehabilitation in Activities of Daily Living

669

partments. The sequence of actions is described in

the appendix. To perform each action and trigger the

corresponding predeﬁned animation, a simple touch

is necessary.

4 PRELIMINARY STUDY

A preliminary study was conducted at the Univer-

sity of Angers to investigate the usability of different

application on the touch table including the Virtual

Kitchen application. Each healthy participant (n = 9)

performed a Virtual Kitchen evaluation task, standing

and under the supervision of an experimenter. One

participant was removed because a technical interrup-

tion compromised the validity of his data. The ex-

ercise consisted of performing the task of preparing

a cup of sweetened coffee with milk without having

seen the explanatory video and assistance. The sound

was not kept for this test to focus on visual feedback.

The characteristics of the participants are available in

Table 2.

4.1 Usability Scale

The usability of the Virtual Kitchen application on

the touch table was measured with the F-SUS scale

(French System Usability Scale) (Brooke, 1995;

Gronier, 2021). The test requires answering 10 ques-

tions based on a 5-point Likert scale. The ﬁnal score

is given by subtracting one point from the answer for

odd-numbered questions and subtracting the answer

value from 5 for even-numbered questions. The sum

of the questions multiplied by 2.5 gives a usability

score out of 100 for each participant. Our result for all

participants is 76.56 (mean: 76.56; std: 11.49) sug-

gesting an acceptable usability of the solution despite

strong variations between users. The other scale used

is the raw version of the NASA-TLX measuring per-

ceived workload (Hart, 1988; Maincent, 2001). This

simpliﬁed version does not weight the importance

of each subscale between participants and considers

them as having equal value. The six subscales are

Mental Demand, Physical Demand, Time Demand,

Performance, Effort, and Frustration. One question

is asked per subscale on a 20-point Likert scale. The

overall score is obtained by summing the responses to

the question and dividing by 6 before multiplying by

5. The results of the subscales are Mental Demand

(mean: 7.50; std: 6.37), Physical Demand (mean:

3.25; std: 4.17), Temporal Demand (mean: 3.63; std:

3.20), Performance (mean: 16.50; std: 3.30), Effort

(mean: 5.88; std: 6.60) and Frustration (mean: 15.63;

std: 3.02). The mean score of the participants is 43.65

(mean: 43.65; std: 16.70) suggesting an activity that

only requires subjectively moderate workload for an

healthy population. The low Mental, Physical and Ef-

fort Demand scores for healthy participants suggest

relative simplicity of actions. The Frustration score

can be explained by the need for gameplay improve-

ments, bug ﬁxes, and the short trial period. Finally,

a motivational study was carried out using the SIMS

scale (Situational Intrinsic Motivation Scale) (Guay,

2000). The test consists of 16 items grouped into 4

sub-dimensions and are asked using a 7-point Lik-

ert scale. The four subscales correspond to Intrinsic

Motivation (IM), Identiﬁed Regulation (IR), External

Regulation (ER) and Amotivation (A). In our experi-

ment we have as result IM (mean: 5.19; std: 1.59), IR

(mean: 3.88; std: 2.23), ER (mean: 3.00; std: 1.93),

A (mean: 2.31; std: 1.63). These results suggest a

tendency towards personal satisfaction during the task

(IM), a moderate importance of the task is considered

in the motivation of the participants (IR), external fac-

tors play a minor role in the motivation of the partici-

pants to the task (ER) and a low absence of motivation

is felt (A).

4.2 Qualitative Analysis

We retained the verbal remarks of the participants

during the experiments. Regarding the level of dif-

ﬁculty of the task, the participants found it relatively

simple with clearly identiﬁed problems. For many of

them, it is necessary to have to explain the objectives

of the task beforehand. The main cause of the mis-

understanding of the scenario would be the buttons

of the coffee machine. Several comments highlight

a difﬁculty in understanding how to act with the but-

tons and when the coffee is ready thanks to the light

feedback. Some comments are about the choice to

limit interactions to a single click. This is a source of

frustration when they want to drag-and-drop. The ap-

plication offers a version that integrates this function-

ality. Another modality of interaction with step-by-

step clicks starting with choosing the object and then

pointing to the target was mentioned. Adding sugar

and milk at the end of the sequence is also confus-

ing. Several experimenters asked to make the choice

of milk and sugar optional or not to deﬁne an or-

der between them. Various comments suggested re-

visiting key aspects of the scenario. The playabil-

ity of the scenario is too simple without bringing a

playful aspect. Some testify that the coffee machine

model must be customizable to look more like the

one present in nursing homes. Others point out that

the choice to make coffee discriminates against those

who do not consume it. The need for assistance is also

HUCAPP 2025 - 9th International Conference on Human Computer Interaction Theory and Applications

670

Table 2: Participant characteristics and subjective condition

(mean, standard deviation).

Baseline characteristics (n = 8)

Age 41.63 (10.70)

Sex (% women) 75.00

Laterality (% right) 100.00

Education years 22.38 (3.11)

Years of work 15.50 (9.50)

Subjective condition (10-Likert scale)

Health status 7.88 (0.83)

Physical status 7.38 (1.41)

Mental status 8.00 (0.76)

Digital ﬂuency 7.75 (1.49)

felt at certain stages, and the differentiation between

actionable objects and the decor should be more pro-

nounced. Finally, some technical bugs were recorded

during the experiments and will be corrected before

interventions in nursing homes.

5 CONCLUSION AND FUTURE

WORK

We presented a Virtual Kitchen application on a touch

table designed for motor and cognitive rehabilitation

in patients with Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI)

and People with Alzheimer (PwD). The aim is to

assess and strengthen their ability to memorize and

reproduce a sequence of an activity of daily living

(preparing a cup of sweetened coffee with milk). The

touch table is equipped with a 3D camera on top for

motion capture. It speciﬁcally allows for direct in-

teraction with virtual objects. An errorless learning

method has been implemented to prevent the user

from performing and remembering any erroneous ac-

tions executed during the task. In addition, visual and

sound signals are displayed if the user does not re-

member the required action. The assumption is that

the user will need fewer and fewer hints and will even-

tually be able to perform the task without assistance.

This tool will soon be put into practice in an exper-

iment involving healthy elderly people, elderly people

with MCI and people with Alzheimer’s disease. We

will use usability tests accessible for elders such as

TAM and UTAUT (Davis and Davis, 1989; Venkatesh

et al., 2003). We will propose the activity to two

groups separately, one with a distribution method on a

virtual reality headset, the other on the original touch

table proposal. Subjects will ﬁrst be assessed without

any visual or auditory cues, then spend a number of

sessions with these aids before being assessed again.

A large amount of data will be collected jointly with

both approaches and analyzed. This data concerns the

evolution of patients during the different sessions of-

fered. In this context, we will study the inﬂuence of

visual and auditory cues as well as selection errors

across different attribution modalities. To study trans-

fer of learning, patients will be tested in a real kitchen

and asked to prepare a cup of sweetened coffee with

milk using the same or different ingredients and ma-

chines.

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APPENDIX

Figure 5: Opening the coffee compartment of the machine.

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Figure 6: Place the coffee ﬁlter in the compartment.

Figure 7: Pour the coffee from the bag into the ﬁlter and put

it back in place.

Figure 8: Closing the coffee compartment.

Figure 9: Opening the machine cover.

Figure 10: Pour the water from the carafe into the machine

and replace it.

Figure 11: Closing the machine cover.

Figure 12: Place the jug in the machine.

Figure 13: Press the red button to activate the machine.

Figure 14: Pour the coffee from the carafe into the cup and

return it to its original position.

Figure 15: Pour the milk from the milk pack into the cup

and replace the pack.

Figure 16: Place a sugar cube in the cup.

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