Industrial Parks in Italy: A Systematic Overview and Preliminary

Analysis of the Fosso Imperatore Case Study

Carlotta D’Alessandro

, Giuseppe Ioppolo

, Grazia Calabrò

and Giuseppe Caristi

Department of Economics, University of Messina, Via del Verdi, Messina, Sicily, Italy

Keywords: Industrial Parks, Eco-Industrial Parks, Industrial Consortiums, Italy, Systematic Literature Review.

Abstract: This paper presents a systematic overview of Italian Industrial Parks (IPs) and introduces a preliminary

analysis of an understudied case in Southern Italy. PRISMA guidelines were employed, to identify eight

relevant studies primarily focused solely on North-Centre Italy. The analysis uncovered a certain degree of

diversity in park dimensions and industrial sectors, with specialized single-sector and multi-sector parks. This

diversity enables integrated supply networks and optimized resource flow in multi-sector parks, while single-

sector parks achieve operational efficiency through sector-specific shared services and infrastructure. This

study has then examined the unstudied case of Fosso Imperatore Industrial Park (Campania). Based on

publicly available information, the analysis evaluated key elements that characterize successful Eco-Industrial

Parks (EIPs). The preliminary findings have suggested the potential presence of several EIP elements,

particularly regarding networking capabilities and shared services. Further research is needed to validate these

characteristics through primary data collection, focusing also on investigating additional cases of EIPs in

Southern Italy. Additionally, supply chain management practices and operational strategies within EIPs

should be further explored. This research provides an initial exploration of an understudied area in Italy,

revealing its potential for industrial symbiosis (IS) and setting the stage for future comprehensive studies.

1 INTRODUCTION

Traditional industrial practices, deeply rooted in the

linear economic model, are increasingly criticized for

their unsustainable nature, making the transition to a

circular economy (CE) crucial for mitigating

environmental and social impacts (Susur et al., 2019).

In response to these challenges, the Agenda 2030

developed the Sustainable Development Goals

(SDGs), which seek to stimulate sustainable and

inclusive industrial development through the

adoption of green practices, resource optimization,

and implementation of sustainable processes and

technologies (Bilyaminu et al., 2024).

In this regard, the CE offers a novel path to

sustainability, seeking to minimize resource

consumption, waste production, and pollution while

fostering socio-economic growth (Dantas et al.,

2021).

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7361-4201

https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0262-8435

https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6949-6700

https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1953-5198

To shift from a linear to a circular production

model, Industrial Ecology (IE), with its tools, and

Industrial Symbiosis (IS) represent a promising

approach (Saavedra et al., 2018; Demartini et al.,

2022). IE and IS, introduced in 1989, have

fundamentally reshaped industrial development

globally (Bilyaminu et al., 2024).

Indeed, CE's foundation lies in IE and industrial

ecosystems (D'amato & Korhonen 2021), with IE

aiming to create more sustainable industrial systems

that interact efficiently with both the industrial and

natural worlds (Leigh & Li 2015).

Moreover, at the meso-level, IS represents a major

application of the CE, characterized by close,

cooperative relationships between businesses

(Sgambaro et al., 2024). It aims to create a system

where economic, environmental, and social benefits

arise from shared resource flows and material

exchanges (Wadström et al., 2021), as well as

D’Alessandro, C., Ioppolo, G., Calabrò, G. and Caristi, G.

Industrial Parks in Italy: A Systematic Overview and Preliminary Analysis of the Fosso Imperatore Case Study.

DOI: 10.5220/0013404900003956

Paper published under CC license (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0)

In Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Finance, Economics, Management and IT Business (FEMIB 2025), pages 61-67

ISBN: 978-989-758-748-1; ISSN: 2184-5891

infrastructure/utilities (Uusikartano et al., 2022),

between and within industries.

In this context, Industrial Parks (IPs) have

emerged as key regional hubs for concentrated

industrial activity and resource consolidation,

particularly given the accelerating pace of global

economic change and growing emphasis on

sustainability (Shao et al., 2024). Building on this

foundation, Eco-Industrial Parks (EIPs), emerges as a

key practical application of IS, representing a

promising approach to achieving both environmental

sustainability and economic prosperity (Galvan-Cara

et al., 2022). Operating as a cluster-based supply

chain management system, EIPs play a dual role: they

act as a mechanism for optimizing resource allocation

while serving as a vital platform through which firms

can develop their CE competencies (Zeng et al., 2017;

Gao et al., 2024). Indeed, collaboration among

businesses and communities within EIPs, lead to the

creation of symbiotic supply chains, operations and

logistics networks (Turken & Geda 2020). Sharing

resources - from materials to energy, infrastructure

and knowledge - allows improved operational

efficiency, creating sustainable supply chains where

waste from one process becomes input for another,

while shared facilities and services reduce operational

costs and environmental impacts (Nessim et al.,

2024). For these reasons, IS, emerging from EIPs, can

have a significant impact in shaping the structure of

supply chain (Turken & Geda 2020).

Furthermore, an EIP can emerge from a bottom-

up approach, often initiated by companies seeking to

enhance performance through cost reduction, revenue

growth, or business expansion via resource sharing.

Alternatively, EIPs may be developed through a top-

down approach, driven by institutions, local

governments, research centres, or universities

(Taddeo, 2016).

The Italian industrial context presents a unique

opportunity for studying IS networks, characterized

by its distinctive industrial districts model and the

prevalence of small and medium-sized enterprises

(SMEs) (Daddi et al., 2015).

Previous studies have documented various

initiatives exploring the EIP approach across different

regions, particularly in Northern and Central Italy

(Tessitore et al., 2014; Tessitore et al., 2015).

However, there is a gap in the literature regarding IPs

in Southern Italy, limiting the understanding of the

complete national landscape.

This research aims to address this gap through two

complementary objectives: (1) provide an overview

of IPs in Italy through a systematic literature review,

analysing their key characteristics; and (2) illustrate

the potential for expanding research into Southern

Italian IPs through a preliminary analysis of the Fosso

Imperatore Industrial Park in Campania as an

exemplar case.

Understanding these regional differences and

opportunities is essential for supporting Italy's

transition toward more sustainable industrial

development. Additionally, expanding studies to

Southern Italy could enrich the understanding of IP in

the Italian context. Such understanding is important

for informing policy decisions as well.

Following this Introduction, Methodology section

is provided along with Results and Discussion, and

Conclusion.

2 METHODOLOGY

A systematic literature overview was conducted

following the PRISMA guidelines (Page et al., 2021)

to identify relevant studies describing IPs in Italy. The

search was performed employing two major scientific

databases: Scopus and Web of Science. The

keywords used were: “industrial park*”, “Eco

Industrial Park*”, “Eco-Industrial Park*”, “Industrial

consort*”, and “Ital*”. Wildcard “*” was utilized to

encompass plural and root word variations.

Without temporal restrictions, only English

articles or reviews describing at least one Italian IP,

were included.

The initial search yielded 73 records from Scopus

and 37 from Web of Science, for a total of 110

documents. After importing all records into Mendeley

reference management software (Mendeley 2024), 36

duplicates were removed, leaving 74 unique records.

The screening process was conducted in three stages.

First, documents were filtered by type, excluding

book chapters (n=4) and conference papers (n=32),

resulting in 38 journal articles. Second, titles,

abstracts, and keywords were screened to remove out-

of-topic records (n=21), leaving 17 potentially

relevant articles that were included in the final sample

for full-text reading. The full text reading allowed to

exclude 8 out of topic articles and 1 was not

accessible, leading to a final sample of 8 studies. A

graphical summary of the PRISMA process is

reported in Figure 1.

Following the approach of Daddi et al. (2015), this

systematic overview focused on extracting specific

characteristics of Italian IPs from the selected

literature, including the name of the IP, industrial

sectors represented, geographic region, number of

companies, total area, and source reference.

FEMIB 2025 - 7th International Conference on Finance, Economics, Management and IT Business

All extracted data were systematically collected

in an Excel spreadsheet for subsequent analysis. To

address the gap in the literature regarding Southern

Italian IPs, the research was enriched through a

preliminary analysis of the Fosso Imperatore

Industrial Park in Campania. The case study analysis

employed the same analytical framework, examining

both the fundamental characteristics and the potential

presence of key elements identified by Daddi et al.

(2015), based on publicly available information from

the consortium's website.

In particular, the analysis examined the presence

of operational key elements that characterize

successful EIPs: by-products and energy exchange,

shared services and technologies, landscape ecology,

utility sharing, networking, and involvement of local

stakeholders.

This preliminary assessment aims to lay the

groundwork for future research, which will focus on

validating these characteristics through primary data

collection, quantifying their extent, and conducting

more detailed analyses through field investigations

and stakeholder engagement.

Figure 1. Prisma Flowchart.

3 RESULTS

The analysis revealed that most of the studied parks

are situated in Emilia-Romagna, followed by Tuscany

and Veneto (with only two studies each). Friuli-

Venezia Giulia, Marche, Apulia, and Abruzzo are

also represented. As indicated in Table 1, the exact

surface area of the parks is often unavailable, except

for a few specific cases such as the Bomporto

Industrial Area (95 hectares, Aguinaldo et al., 2019),

the Raibano Industrial Area (100 hectares, Conticelli

and Tondelli, 2013), the Macrolotto Industrial Area

(150 hectares, Daddi et al., 2015), and the Bussi

Chemical Site Industrial Area (22 hectares, Taddeo et

al., 2012).

While many of the observed Italian IPs are

primarily focused on single activities (mostly

manufacturing), some of them showcased encompass

a diverse range of sectors, including logistics,

software, financial services and others. Other than

manufacturing, there were cases of other focuses.

Indeed, the Bussi Chemical Site Industrial Area

remains dedicated to its core competency in

chemistry (Taddeo et al., 2012), while, the Porto

Marghera Industrial Area in Veneto has pivoted

towards a service-oriented activities (Mannino et al.,

2015).

Industrial Parks in Italy: A Systematic Overview and Preliminary Analysis of the Fosso Imperatore Case Study

Table 1. Overview of Italian IPs details. IA: Industrial Area.

Park's Name Region Surface (ha)

No. of

companies Major Activit

Reference

Bom

orto IA

Emilia-

Roma

na 95 >70 Manufacturin

Aguinaldo et al.,

2019

Rolo-Fabbrico IA

Emilia-

Roma

na N/A 18 Manufacturin

Brunoro et al., 2019

Raibano IA

Emilia-

Roma

na 100 N/A Manufacturin

Conticelli and

Tondelli, 2013

Macrolotto IA

Tuscan

150 380 Manufacturin

Daddi et al., 2015

Ponterosso IA

Friuli-Venezia

Giulia N/A 142 Manufacturin

Daddi et al., 2015

Padova IA Veneto N/A 1500 Diversifie

Daddi et al., 2015

Ancona ZIPA Marche N/A 90 Diversifie

Daddi et al., 2015

Porto Mar

hera IA Veneto N/A 690 Services Mannino et al., 2015

Taranto IA A

ulia N/A 10 Manufacturin

Notarnicola et al.,

2016

Ponte a Ecola IA Tuscan

N/A 160 Manufacturin

Susur et al., 2019

The Green Economy

Pro

ect

Emilia-

Roma

na N/A 13 Not available Susur et al., 2020

Bussi Chemical Site Abruzzo 22 N/A Chemistr

Taddeo et al., 2012

Moreover, the Industrial Area of Padova stands

out with its 1,500 companies engaged in a variety of

activities (Daddi et al., 2015). This broad spectrum of

activities fosters innovation and collaboration,

driving economic growth and development. Similarly,

the ZIPA-Industrial Productive Zone of Ancona

houses 90 companies that span diverse industries,

creating a dynamic and multifaceted environment

(Daddi et al., 2015).

Nonetheless, the systematic overview confirmed

a geographical bias in the literature, with most case

studies concentrated in Northern and Central Italy.

This geographical distribution highlights a potential

lack of attention regarding IPs in Southern Italy.

The Fosso Imperatore IP case thus serves as a

practical illustration of both the opportunities and

challenges identified in this literature review: it

exemplifies the potential for diverse industrial

composition to support IS development, while also

highlighting the need for more detailed

documentation and analysis of Southern Italian IPs -

a gap consistently revealed in our systematic review.

The Fosso Imperatore IP, located in the Agro

Nocerino Sarnese area of Campania, represents a

significant industrial hub in Southern Italy. The park,

managed by the Co.I.F.IM. consortium (Co.I.F.IM.,

2024), covers an area of 144,846 square meters and

hosts approximately thirty companies employing

around 1,000 workers, with a combined annual

turnover exceeding 300 million euros. The IP benefits

from strategic positioning, with direct access to

infrastructure networks and proximity to the Caserta-

Roma highway, ensuring optimal accessibility for

industrial traffic.

The park is characterized by a diverse industrial

composition, encompassing various sectors including

food processing, precision mechanics, construction

scaffolding, high-quality knitwear, tire recovery,

dairy production equipment, software development,

packaging, logistics and transportation, modular

kitchens, construction resins and industrial flooring,

graphics and printing, metalwork, windows and

frames, and mining machinery. This industrial

diversity has established the park as a significant

economic driver in the Agro Nocerino Sarnese region

(Co.I.F.IM., 2024).

When analysing the park through Daddi et al.'s

(2015) framework, several key elements can be

identified. The consortium's mission statement

(Co.I.F.IM., 2024) suggests potential for by-products

and energy exchange through its focus on raw

materials and product exchange databases. Shared

services and technologies are potentially present

through the consortium's commitment to knowledge

and technology exchange, as well as shared IT

services and market information systems.

Networking is often promoted through various

initiatives aimed at fostering integration and

collaboration among member companies, including

temporary exhibition spaces and the promotion of

innovative products.

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The involvement of local stakeholders is

indicated by the consortium's openness to joining

other business aggregations and its role in regional

economic development. However, elements such as

landscape ecology and utility sharing are not

explicitly mentioned in the available information.

These aspects would require further investigation

through primary data collection and stakeholder

engagement to determine their presence and extent

within the park.

4 DISCUSSIONS

The findings from both the systematic overview and

the case study analysis revealed certain patterns and

implications for the development of Italian IPs.

First, the geographical distribution of studied IPs

highlights a significant North-South divide in the

literature, which may reflect broader regional

economic disparities in Italy. This bias in research

focus potentially limits the understanding of

industrial development opportunities in Southern

regions.

The Fosso Imperatore Industrial Park, with its

approximately 14.48 hectares, appears relatively

compact compared to the other documented cases.

However, its high employment density (about 1,000

workers) and substantial turnover might suggest

efficient land use and significant economic impact

despite its smaller size.

In terms of industrial composition, the overview

has revealed two distinct development patterns:

specialized single-sector parks (like the Bussi

Chemical Site) and multi-sector complexes (such as

the Industrial Area of Padova and ZIPA Ancona). The

Fosso Imperatore IP aligns with the latter model,

featuring a diverse mix of industries. This diversity

could be particularly advantageous for developing IS

relationships, as different sectors often have

complementary resource needs and waste outputs,

which can be integrated into different production

processes, reducing logistics costs and environmental

impacts.

While the park shows promising potential for

networking and shared services, the absence of

explicit information about landscape ecology and

utility sharing suggests areas for development. The

consortium's mission statement indicates awareness

of IS principles, particularly in terms of resource

exchange and knowledge sharing, though the actual

implementation level remains to be verified.

Although Italian IPs show varying degrees of

progress toward eco-industrial development, there

may be untapped potential, particularly in Southern

regions. It is important to note that the heterogeneity

in reported data across the analysed studies reflects

the current state of published research on Italian IPs.

While some parks provided detailed information

about their surface area, number of companies, and

industrial composition, others offered only partial

data. This variation in reporting detail stems from the

different focus areas and objectives of the original

studies, rather than from limitations of this study. The

presented data represents all available information

from peer-reviewed literature, obtained through this

systematic review following PRISMA guidelines.

The Fosso Imperatore case demonstrates that

Southern Italian IPs can achieve significant economic

impact while incorporating elements conducive to IS,

though further development of environmental and

resource-sharing initiatives may be needed.

5 CONCLUSIONS

This study analysed IPs in Italy through a literature

review and introducing a preliminary analysis of an

understudied case in Southern Italy. The systematic

overview has revealed a geographical concentration

of studied IPs in Northern and Central Italy,

particularly in regions such as Emilia-Romagna,

Tuscany, and Veneto. The analysed IPs have shown

variety in terms of size, ranging from 22 to 150

hectares, and industrial composition. From an

operations and supply chain management perspective,

this variety in size and industrial composition

presents both opportunities and challenges. Multi-

sector parks offer greater potential for creating

integrated supply networks and optimizing resource

flows, while specialized parks may achieve higher

operational efficiency through sector-specific shared

services and infrastructure.

The Fosso Imperatore Industrial Park case study has

helped to preliminarily address the identified

geographical gap in the literature by providing a

description about one important IP in Southern Italy.

The preliminary analysis through Daddi et al. (2015)

framework has suggested the potential presence of

key elements, characteristic of successful EIPs,

particularly in terms of networking capabilities and

shared services. The park's diverse industrial

composition and strategic location have indicated its

significance as an economic driver in the Agro

Nocerino Sarnese region. Indeed, strong networking

capabilities and shared resources offers significant

potential for sustainable supply chain and operational

Industrial Parks in Italy: A Systematic Overview and Preliminary Analysis of the Fosso Imperatore Case Study

management through CE practices, shared

infrastructure, and coordinated logistics.

Nonetheless, it is important to acknowledge the

limitations that pertain to this study. The data offered

by the current literature on Italian IPs constrains the

study by the varying depth and focus of existing

studies, leading to inconsistent reporting of park

characteristics across cases. The preliminary nature of

the Fosso Imperatore case study, based primarily on

publicly available information, limits comparability

with other parks or drawing definitive conclusions

about its IS potential. Finally, the geographical bias

in existing literature toward Northern and Central

Italy may mean that successful examples of IS in

Southern regions remain undocumented.

However, this research has also highlighted

important areas for future investigation. First, there is

an urgent need for standardized data collection and

reporting frameworks for Italian IPs to enable

meaningful comparative analyses. Such frameworks

should encompass quantitative metrics for resource

flows, environmental impact, economic performance,

and social benefits. Second, future studies should

employ mixed-method approaches, combining

quantitative analysis of material and energy flows

with qualitative investigation of organizational

relationships and barriers to IS implementation. Third,

research should examine the role of policy

frameworks and incentive structures in promoting IS

development, particularly in Southern Italy where

such initiatives appear less documented.

Specific to the Fosso Imperatore case, further

studies should focus on gathering primary data to

validate and quantify the identified characteristics,

particularly regarding the actual implementation of

by-product exchanges, shared services, and utility

sharing systems. The potential for IS should be

further explored through detailed material and energy

flow analyses. Future research should also investigate

how supply chain management practices and

operational strategies can be better integrated within

IPs to optimize resource flows, enhance IS

relationships and create CE networks within the park.

Moreover, additional research is needed to

examine other IPs in Southern Italy to develop a more

comprehensive understanding of the national IP

landscape. This would contribute to a more balanced

geographical representation in the literature and

potentially guide policy decisions aimed at promoting

sustainable industrial development and IS across all

Italian regions. Longitudinal studies tracking the

evolution of IS relationships and their impacts over

time would be particularly interesting in

understanding the development patterns and success

factors of Italian IPs.

Overall, this study helps laying the groundwork

for more comprehensive research on IS development

of the Italian landscape.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The authors would like to thank Project “CE_IPsa: A

development model for Circular Economy between

Industrial Parks and surroundings areas” CUP

J53D23016630001 - codice identificativo

P20227NFA4, Department of Economics, University

of Study of Messina (Italy), for funding this work.

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Industrial Parks in Italy: A Systematic Overview and Preliminary Analysis of the Fosso Imperatore Case Study