Television Is Powerful: An iTV Solution as a Motivator of Social

Interactions Among Older Adults

Gabriel Faria

, Telmo Silva

and Jorge Abreu

DigiMedia, Department of Communication and Art, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal

Keywords: Active Ageing, Gamification, Older Adults, Social Interactions, Television, Well-Being.

Abstract: This study explores the development of and evaluation of ProSeniorTV, an interactive television system

designed to enhance social participation and cognitive engagement among older adults. Leveraging a familiar

medium for older individuals – the television – the system incorporates proactive notifications to inform users

about local social events and cognitive stimulation minigames to foster regular interactions. A 30-day field

study conducted with 20 participants demonstrated promising results. Participants attended an average of 1.4

events, reflecting a 35% engagement rate with suggested activities. Notably, 95% of users recognised the

system’s effectiveness in providing accessible information about local events, reducing reliance on other

sources. Additionally, ProSeniorTV contributed to significant decreases in reported loneliness levels, with

moderate loneliness dropping from 60% to 30%, and all participants reporting enhanced social connection by

the study’s conclusion. The inclusion of gamification elements, such as a leaderboard and participation

rewards, proved effective in motivating sustained interaction. While mobility challenges and transportation

reliance were identified as barriers, the system’s overall usability and impact align with active ageing

principles, supporting its potential for broader implementation. ProSeniorTV underscores the value of

innovative technologies in addressing social isolation and promoting healthier ageing.

1 INTRODUCTION

Population ageing is a global trend resulting from

increased life expectancy and declining birth rates,

particularly evident in developed countries. This

phenomenon has significant social implications.

In Portugal, the proportion of older adults has

been steadily increasing. In 2023, the ageing index

reached 188.1 older adults for every 100 young

people, compared to 184.4 recorded in the previous

year (INE, 2024).

This ageing is reflected not only in demographic

structure but also in the growing need for approaches

that promote the physical, psychological, and social

well-being of older adults (Fulop et al., 2019;

Woodhead & Yochim, 2022).

The literature suggests that the ageing process

should not be analysed solely from a chronological

perspective but also considering biological,

psychological, and sociocultural factors (Fonseca,

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6085-4716

https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9383-7659

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0492-2307

2006; Santos et al., 2022; Schneider & Irigaray,

2008).

Among the associated challenges are social

exclusion and limitations linked to physical and

cognitive decline, which underscore the urgency of

strategies aimed at fostering an active and healthy

lifestyle in old age. In this context, social activities

play a crucial role in the well-being of the senior

population.

Social engagement is an essential component of

the active ageing concept promoted by the World

Health Organization (2002). Robust social networks

and frequent social interactions are associated with

benefits such as improved cognitive health, emotional

stability, and physical condition (Kelly et al., 2017;

Wang et al., 2021). However, ageing often

exacerbates the risk of loneliness and disconnection,

reinforcing the importance of initiatives that promote

inclusion and participation in community activities

(Kitzmüller et al., 2018; Tani et al., 2022).

398

Faria, G., Silva, T. and Abreu, J.

Television Is Powerful: An iTV Solution as a Motivator of Social Interactions Among Older Adults.

DOI: 10.5220/0013493500003938

Paper published under CC license (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0)

In Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Information and Communication Technologies for Ageing Well and e-Health (ICT4AWE 2025), pages 398-405

ISBN: 978-989-758-743-6; ISSN: 2184-4984

Beyond social interactions, television plays a

central role for many older adults, serving as a

primary source of information and entertainment.

In Portugal, 68% of the population aged 65 and

older rely on television as their main medium for

accessing news content (Cardoso et al., 2024). In

addition to providing leisure, television contributes to

strengthening social interactions, acting as a basis for

conversations and social gatherings (Abreu, 2007).

The high level of television consumption among

seniors, who account for about 30% of audiences in

Portugal (OberCom, 2021), demonstrates its potential

as a tool for social inclusion and enhancing quality of

life.

Based on these premises, this article presents the

ProSeniorTV system, developed to foster social

interaction and participation in social events

organised within the residential community of older

adults.

The system was designed to incorporate

functionalities that facilitate access to information

about such events and encourage users to participate

in social activities using a well-known medium

widely accessible to older adults - the television.

This study contributes to the field of active ageing

and social inclusion by introducing ProSeniorTV, an

interactive television system specifically designed to

encourage older adults to engage in cognitive and

social activities. Unlike existing solutions that often

require digital literacy and the use of unfamiliar

devices, ProSeniorTV leverages a familiar medium—

the television—to seamlessly integrate social and

cognitive engagement into the daily routines of

seniors. The system’s proactive notification

mechanism represents an innovative approach by

automatically informing users about local social

events and encouraging participation through

gamification strategies. Furthermore, this study

provides empirical evidence from a real-world, 30-

day field trial, demonstrating measurable

improvements in social participation, access to event

information, and reductions in loneliness and

isolation levels. By combining cognitive stimulation

with social engagement in an accessible and intuitive

way, ProSeniorTV offers a scalable, low-barrier

technological solution to promote active ageing.

Considering all these aspects, the next section

describes the ProSeniorTV system and its usage

scenarios. Subsequently, the results of a field test

conducted in a real-world context are presented,

https://play.google.com/store/apps/

details?id=com.positscience.brainhq.app&hl Accessed:

18-02-2025

analysing the system’s effectiveness in promoting

social participation and combating isolation among

older adults. The article concludes with a discussion

of the results obtained, highlighting the system's

contributions to active ageing and future implications

for the development of inclusive technologies.

2 RELATED WORK

The role of digital games in cognitive stimulation and

social engagement for older adults has been widely

explored in academic and commercial research.

Various studies emphasize the potential of serious

games in mitigating cognitive decline and improving

quality of life (Barnes et al., 2007; Glass et al., 2013).

Research suggests that video games can enhance

skills such as memory, attention, spatial cognition,

and language comprehension (Oei & Patterson, 2013;

Vasconcelos et al., 2012). Additionally, interactive

digital experiences have been found to promote social

interaction (Tekinbas & Zimmerman, 2004) and

cognitive benefits that extend into daily activities

(Video Game Training Improves Brain Function in

Older Adults, 2013).

Despite these advantages, most cognitive training

games are designed for computers, tablets, or

smartphones (De Paula et al., 2020), devices that

many older adults find difficult to use. This challenge

has led to efforts to integrate cognitive training with

more familiar technologies, such as television. For

instance, Matos et al. (2020) developed a cognitive

game called MemoGinga within the Brazilian digital

TV system specifically for older users, demonstrating

the feasibility of TV-based cognitive interventions.

Similarly, De Paula et al. (2020) adapted the classic

Stroop Game for digital TV, using remote control

buttons for interaction, ensuring accessibility for

senior players.

Several other studies have explored cognitive

games tailored for older adults. The A-go! Project (Lau

& Agius, 2021) featured 3D environments to train

cognitive functions through gesture-based interaction.

The CogniPlay platform (Vasconcelos et al., 2012)

focused on memory training via tablet-based games.

VIRTRA-EL (Rodríguez-Fórtiz et al., 2016) used

immersive 3D environments for cognitive exercises

but was limited to computer and tablet interfaces.

Other solutions, such as BrainHQ

and CogniFit

provide a range of cognitive exercises but lack

https://play.google.com/store/apps/

details?id=com.cognifit.app&hl Accessed: 18-02-2025

Television Is Powerful: An iTV Solution as a Motivator of Social Interactions Among Older Adults

399

television integration, which remains a key barrier to

accessibility for seniors (De Paula et al., 2020).

The ProSeniorTV system differentiates itself by

integrating gamified cognitive exercises into a

proactive iTV-based solution that simultaneously

encourages real-world social participation. Unlike

previous studies, ProSeniorTV not only offers

cognitive training games but also employs a

notification system to inform users about local social

events, addressing both cognitive decline and social

isolation in a unified platform. Leveraging television

- a widely adopted technology among older adults -

ensures accessibility and ease of use, potentially

increasing engagement and impact.

3 THE ProSeniorTV SYSTEM

ProSeniorTV was conceived as an innovative

solution to promote senior engagement in cognitive

and social activities. The system utilizes television

notifications and an accessible interface, operated via

a remote control, to provide an intuitive experience

tailored to the needs of this audience.

This chapter outlines the main usage scenarios,

functional requirements, and information architecture

underpinning the system.

3.1 Usage Scenarios

ProSeniorTV envisions two primary usage scenarios

designed to stimulate cognition and strengthen social

ties among users.

Firstly, the system offers suggestions for

cognitive stimulation mini-games. While watching

TV programs, as shown in Figure 1, users receive

notifications inviting them to test their mental

abilities. By selecting this option, they gain access to

an interface where they can play mini-games, earning

points for a global leaderboard. After engaging with

the mini-games, users can explore other activities,

view the leaderboard, or return to their television

programming.

Additionally, the system informs users about

social events in their area, encouraging participation

and the maintenance of interpersonal relationships.

For each attended event, participants receive a code

that can be entered into the interface to accumulate

participation points. The system also provides

reminders to enter these codes in the system’s

interface, ensuring users do not miss the opportunity

to register their participation. The interface allows for

code input, point verification, and the exploration of

other features.

Figure 1: ProSeniorTV notification examples (Faria et al.,

2024).

3.2 Functional Requirements

The functional requirements of ProSeniorTV were

designed to ensure a smooth and engaging

experience.

The system includes an authentication

mechanism to create profile accounts linked to each

household, allowing for the management of up to

three user profiles per account. Each profile is

customizable, with easy switching between users.

ProSeniorTV integrates automatic notifications,

displayed in the upper left corner of the screen,

informing users about social events and inviting them

to access cognitive stimulation mini-games.

The interface features a leaderboard combining

scores from games and points earned through

participation in social activities, emphasizing the

value of in-person events.

A dedicated code entry area is an essential

feature, enabling the registration and calculation of

points earned through mini-games and participation

in suggested social events.

The mini-games, designed to stimulate users'

cognitive abilities, include three options: i) a

sequence game to train memory; ii) a colour game

inspired by the Stroop Game to enhance attention

skills; and iii) a 3D block-moving game aimed at

improving visuospatial skills. Each mini-game is

accompanied by an explanatory tutorial.

To ensure navigability, the interface includes an

exit function that allows users to return to regular

programming at any time.

3.3 Information Architecture and

Graphic Interface

The graphic interface of ProSeniorTV was designed

to be accessible and intuitive, with a focus on strong

contrasts and large text, facilitating interaction for

senior users. The interface is divided into several

main areas.

IS4WB_SC 2025 - Special Session on Innovative Strategies to Enhance Older Adults’ Well-being and Social Connections

400

On the profile selection screen, users choose

from up to three distinct profiles, identified by name

and avatar. This screen serves as the entry point for a

personalized experience.

Tutorials, presented during the system’s initial

use and before each mini-game, consist of navigable

slides that explain the functionalities and rules.

The main screen, presented in Figure 2,

centralizes all available options, including access to

mini-games, the leaderboard, and code entry. At the

top of this screen, there are buttons for switching

profiles or exiting the interface.

The leaderboard organizes scores into groups of

five, highlighting each user’s name, avatar, and score.

On the code entry screen, a modal presents a

numeric keypad for easy code entry, accompanied by

buttons to cancel, delete, or validate the operation.

Finally, the mini-game screens follow a uniform

structure, displaying scores, levels, and interaction

instructions in the upper sections of the screen.

This design prioritizes clarity and simplicity,

employing visual and interactive elements that make

the system accessible and motivating for seniors. This

way, ProSeniorTV aims to encourage older

individuals to get out of their homes and get involved

in suggested social events, offering them meaningful

moments of interaction with others and promoting a

more active and socially healthy ageing process.

Figure 2: ProSeniorTV interface main screen (Faria et al.,

2024).

4 FIELD TRIAL

The field trial of the ProSeniorTV system was

conducted to evaluate its effectiveness in promoting

senior participation in social and cognitive activities.

https://rutis.pt/universidades-seniores/ Accessed: 18-02-

2025

This chapter describes the context in which the

test took place, the period of the study, and the

participants involved.

4.1 Context and Period

The field test was conducted in a real context - the

participants’ homes. The objective was to replicate

everyday conditions, ensuring that the system was

used as part of the users’ normal routines.

Before the tests began, the ProSeniorTV system

was installed in each residence, and participants were

guided to explore its main functionalities, including

notifications, mini-games, and the entry of

participation codes for events.

Each test lasted 30 days, which was considered

sufficient time to observe the system's impact on the

participants' daily habits.

4.2 Participants

The study included 20 senior participants, aged

between 57 and 87 years, with an average and median

age of 71 years. Although the youngest participants

were 57 years old, they can still be considered seniors

in the Portuguese context. According to the RUTIS

(Rede de Universidades Seniores)

, individuals aged

50 and above are eligible to attend senior universities

in Portugal, reinforcing the classification of

participants in this study as part of the senior

population.

Most participants (70%) were female. Regarding

education levels, 40% had completed only primary

education, 30% had basic education, 20% had

secondary education, and 10% held a university

degree.

Geographically, participants were distributed

across three Portuguese districts: Aveiro, Coimbra,

and Lisbon.

4.2.1 Television Consumption Habits

All participants used television daily, with 90%

dedicating at least two hours per day to this medium.

The most popular content included news, soap

operas, debate programs, and documentaries.

Additionally, 75% of participants watched TV

during or after dinner, highlighting the centrality of

this medium in their routines.

Television Is Powerful: An iTV Solution as a Motivator of Social Interactions Among Older Adults

401

4.2.2 Social Interaction Habits

In terms of household structure, 70% lived in

households with two to three people, 20% lived alone,

and 10% belonged to larger families (four to five

members).

Most participants (75%) were retired, while 25%

were still employed.

Social interactions were a significant part of

participants’ lives, with 90% reporting daily

interactions with friends or family. However, only

25% regularly attended social events. Despite

considering these events important for maintaining

their social relationships (90%), many participants

reported difficulties in obtaining information about

available activities, relying primarily on friends and

family for this purpose.

Standardized instruments were employed both

before and after the field trial to assess the impact of

ProSeniorTV on loneliness and social interaction.

The UCLA Loneliness Scale (version 3) (Russell,

1996), in its Portuguese-validated version (Kuznier,

2016) was used to evaluate participants’ subjective

feelings of loneliness and social isolation.

Additionally, the Lubben Social Network Scale

(LSNS-6) (Lubben et al., 2006), in its Portuguese-

validated version (Ribeiro et al., 2012), was applied

to measure the extent of participants' social networks

and the risk of social isolation. These assessments

allowed for a comparative analysis of the

participants’ social connectivity and emotional well-

being before and after interacting with the

ProSeniorTV system, providing quantitative insights

into the system’s effectiveness in fostering social

inclusion.

5 RESULTS

During the field trial period, each participant received

four notifications suggesting social events held near

their homes.

On average, participants attended 1.4 events,

representing 35% of the total suggested events.

The distribution of participation in the events,

presented in graphic 1, was as follows:

 4 participants (20% - P9; P11; P15; P17) did

not attend any events.

 8 participants (40% - P4; P7; P8; P10; P13;

P18; P19; P20) attended 1 event.

 5 participants (25% - P2; P3; P12; P14; P16)

attended 2 events.

 2 participants (10% - P1; P6) attended 3

events.

 1 participant (5% - P5) attended all 4

suggested events.

Graphic 1: Number of participants by the total of events

attended during the field trial period.

5.1 Reasons that Hindered Greater

Attendance at Events

Participants with lower attendance rates were asked

about the reasons that prevented them from

participating in more events.

Among the 12 participants who attended no more

than one event, the following factors were identified

as limiting their engagement with the suggested

events during the field test:

 Mobility difficulties: 50% of those

participants (n = 6) reported physical issues

that made it difficult for them to travel to the

event locations.

 Busy schedules: 50% (n = 6) indicated they

had prior commitments or regular activities that

conflicted with the dates and times of the

suggested events.

 Dependence on others for transportation:

42% (n = 5) mentioned needing assistance to

travel, which limited their ability to participate

independently.

 Professional obligations: 25% (n = 3) stated

that their work schedules interfered with their

availability to attend the events.

6 DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS

OF RESULTS

Field trial results show that the ProSeniorTV system

may effectively promote seniors' participation in

social events, facilitate access to information about

local activities, reduce isolation and loneliness, and,

more broadly, motivate greater social integration

among older adults.

4 participants

8 participants

5 participants

2 participants

1 participant

0 events 1 event 2 events 3 events 4 events

Number of participants by the total of events

attended

IS4WB_SC 2025 - Special Session on Innovative Strategies to Enhance Older Adults’ Well-being and Social Connections

402

6.1 Evolution of Social Events

Participation Levels

Before the field test, only 25% of participants

attended social events regularly, despite 90%

considering such events important for maintaining

their social relationships.

During the field trial, 80% of participants attended

at least one of the suggested events, with an average

of 1.4 events per participant, representing 35% of the

total suggested. This difference reflects the system's

positive impact on promoting social participation.

Although the average number of participations

increased compared to pre-test habits, the data reveal

that, as previously noted, significant barriers still

prevent seniors from accessing social events that

could enhance their social well-being. Mobility

difficulties, reliance on others for transportation, and

scheduling conflicts limited this type of engagement.

These factors are corroborated by the literature,

which highlights the lack of accessibility and

logistical support as common obstacles to social

participation among seniors (Abdi et al., 2018).

6.2 Ease of Access to Information

Related to Local Social Events

One of the most relevant aspects of the results was the

significant change in participants' perceptions

regarding access to information related to local social

events.

Before the field trial, only 40% of participants

reported having ease of access to information related

to local events, with friends and family being the

primary sources of such data.

During the test, the ProSeniorTV system proved

to be an effective solution, with 95% of participants

recognizing that the notifications displayed via TV

facilitated access to this information.

This result validates the system's value

proposition, which uses proactive notifications to

inform users about local events organised close to

their homes, reducing reliance on friends and family

for accessing such information.

Additionally, the strategic repetition of

notifications at different times and days ensured that

users were reminded of these events with sufficient

notice to increase the likelihood of participation.

6.3 Changes in Levels of Loneliness

and Isolation

The reduction in levels of loneliness and social

isolation was another notable impact of the system.

Before the test, 60% of participants exhibited

moderate levels of loneliness, while 40% reported

low or no loneliness.

After the test, the proportion of participants with

moderate levels of loneliness decreased to 30%,

demonstrating a significant improvement in

emotional well-being among the field test

participants.

Regarding social isolation, only 10% of

participants were initially at risk. However, by the

end of the field trial, all participants (100%) reported

a greater sense of social connection.

The system's use as a starting point for social

interactions and its encouragement of event

participation were critical factors in these

improvements. As such, the proposed system aligns

with the World Health Organization's (2002)

guidelines on active ageing and social inclusion.

6.4 Utility and Effectiveness of

ProSeniorTV

The ProSeniorTV system demonstrated a significant

positive impact on motivating seniors to engage in

social and cognitive activities.

The inclusion of gamified features, such as score

rankings and rewards for event participation, was

particularly effective in promoting regular

interactions with the system.

The results suggest that the system not only

improves access to information but also fosters

behavioural changes among seniors, promoting a

more active and healthier lifestyle. However, the

identified limiting factors, such as mobility

difficulties and reliance on transportation, indicate

that additional improvements, such as partnerships

with transportation services or community initiatives,

could further enhance the system's impact.

6.5 Comparison with Existing Work

The results obtained from the ProSeniorTV field trial

align with and, in some aspects, surpass those of

previous studies on digital interventions for older

adults. Existing research has demonstrated the

benefits of cognitive training games in enhancing

memory, attention, and problem-solving skills among

seniors (Barnes et al., 2007; Oei & Patterson, 2013).

Studies such as A-go! (Lau & Agius, 2021) and

CogniPlay (Vasconcelos et al., 2012) have shown that

engaging seniors in interactive digital games can

improve cognitive function. The ProSeniorTV system

also achieved this, with participants actively engaging

Television Is Powerful: An iTV Solution as a Motivator of Social Interactions Among Older Adults

403

in mini-games and reporting increased cognitive

stimulation.

However, unlike many previous studies, which

primarily focused on cognitive benefits, ProSeniorTV

was designed to simultaneously address social

isolation. More commercial solutions such as

BrainHQ and CogniFit have provided cognitive

training without integrating social engagement

components. In contrast, ProSeniorTV's notification

system actively encouraged participation in real-

world social events, with 80% of participants

attending at least one suggested event. This is a

notable improvement compared to the pre-test habits,

where only 25% of participants regularly attended

social activities.

Moreover, while solutions like the Stroop Game

for Digital TV (De Paula et al., 2020) and

MemoGinga (Matos et al., 2020) successfully adapted

cognitive training to television interfaces, they lacked

mechanisms to proactively notify and engage users in

social activities. ProSeniorTV’s gamification

approach further contributed to motivation, with a

ranking system that rewarded both in-game

participation and real-world engagement—something

not commonly found in other TV-based cognitive

training systems.

Regarding social impact, the reduction in reported

loneliness among ProSeniorTV users (from 60% to

30%) supports previous findings that digital

engagement can foster social connections (Tekinbas

& Zimmerman, 2004). The VIRTRA-EL system

(Rodríguez-Fórtiz et al., 2016) demonstrated

improvements in cognitive functions but lacked real-

world social integration. The results from

ProSeniorTV suggest that combining cognitive

training with proactive social engagement strategies

could be more effective in reducing loneliness and

fostering social inclusion among seniors.

In summary, while previous research has

demonstrated the benefits of cognitive training or

social interaction separately, ProSeniorTV presents

an integrated approach that not only provides

cognitive stimulation but also promotes active

participation in real-world social events, setting it

apart from existing solutions.

7 CONCLUSIONS

This study highlights the potential of ProSeniorTV as

an effective tool for promoting active ageing by

facilitating social participation and cognitive

engagement among older adults. By integrating

proactive notifications and gamification strategies

into a familiar medium—television—the system

addresses key barriers that often hinder social

interaction and access to relevant information.

One of the most significant contributions of

ProSeniorTV is its capacity to provide direct access

to local events information. This not only fosters

greater autonomy among older adults but also

encourages participation in community activities that

might otherwise go unnoticed. Moreover, the

system’s integration of cognitive stimulation mini-

games offers additional engagement opportunities,

reinforcing its role as a multidimensional support tool

for active ageing.

Despite these positive outcomes, the study also

underscores the persistent challenges that limit

participation in social events, particularly mobility

constraints and transportation dependence.

Addressing these factors in future iterations of the

system could further enhance its effectiveness and

accessibility. Additionally, expanding the system’s

implementation to diverse senior populations could

provide deeper insights into its broader applicability

and long-term benefits.

In conclusion, ProSeniorTV demonstrates how

digital solutions can be harnessed to support ageing

populations, offering a scalable and practical

approach to fostering social inclusion and cognitive

well-being. Future research must focus on optimizing

the system’s usability, exploring partnerships to

overcome mobility barriers, and assessing its impact

over extended periods and larger user groups.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

This study is funded by the Fundação para a Ciência

e a Tecnologia through a PhD research grant. It is also

being conducted in partnership with ALTICE LABS.

REFERENCES

Abdi, J., Al-Hindawi, A., Ng, T., & Vizcaychipi, M. P.

(2018). Scoping review on the use of socially assistive

robot technology in elderly care. BMJ Open, 8(2).

https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2017-018815

Abreu, J. T. F. (2007). Design de Serviços e Interfaces num

Contexto de Televisão Interactiva.

http://hdl.handle.net/10773/1259

Barnes, D. E., Cauley, J. A., Lui, L.-Y., Fink, H. A.,

McCulloch, C., Stone, K. L., & Yaffe, K. (2007).

Women who maintain optimal cognitive function into

old age. J. Am. Geriatr. Soc., 55(2), 259–264.

Cardoso, G., Paisana, M., & Pinto-Martinho, A. (2024).

Digital News Report 2024 OBERCOM.

IS4WB_SC 2025 - Special Session on Innovative Strategies to Enhance Older Adults’ Well-being and Social Connections

404

https://obercom.pt/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/

DNRP-2024-_-15.06.2024.pdfhttps://obercom.pt/wp-

content/uploads/2024/06/DNRP-2024-_-

15.06.2024.pdf

De Paula, G., Valentim, P., Seixas, F., Santana, R., &

Muchaluat-Saade, D. (2020). Sensory effects in

cognitive exercises for elderly users: Stroop game.

Proceedings - IEEE Symposium on Computer-Based

Medical Systems, 2020-July, 132–137.

https://doi.org/10.1109/CBMS49503.2020.00032

Faria, G., Silva, T., & Ferraz de Abreu, J. (2024). Proactive

TV Gamification: Engaging Older Adults Socially.

Lecture Notes in Computer Science (Including

Subseries Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence and

Lecture Notes in Bioinformatics), 14714 LNCS, 70–85.

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-61356-2_5

Fonseca, A. M. (2006). O envelhecimento: uma abordagem

psicológica. https://doi.org/10.34632/9789725401507

Fulop, T., Larbi, A., Khalil, A., Cohen, A. A., &

Witkowski, J. M. (2019). Are We Ill Because We Age?

Frontiers in Physiology, 10(December).

https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2019.01508

Glass, B. D., Maddox, W. T., & Love, B. C. (2013). Real-

time strategy game training: emergence of a cognitive

flexibility trait. PLoS One, 8(8), e70350.

INE. (2024). ESTIMATIVAS DE POPULAÇÃO

RESIDENTE EM PORTUGAL 2023. 1–11.

https://www.ine.pt/xportal/xmain?xpid=INE&xpgid=i

ne_destaques&DESTAQUESdest_boui=645507713&

DESTAQUESmodo=2

Kelly, M. E., Duff, H., Kelly, S., Power, J. E. M., Brennan,

S., Lawlor, B. A., & Loughrey, D. G. (2017). The

impact of social activities, social networks, social

support and social relationships on the cognitive

functioning of healthy older adults: a systematic

review. Systematic Reviews, 6.

Kitzmüller, G., Clancy, A., Vaismoradi, M., Wegener, C.,

& Bondas, T. (2018). “Trapped in an Empty Waiting

Room”—The Existential Human Core of Loneliness in

Old Age: A Meta-Synthesis. Qualitative Health

Research, 28(2), 213–230. https://doi.org/10.1177/

1049732317735079

Kuznier, T. P. (2016). Tradução, adaptação e validação da

UCLA Loneliness Scale(version 3) para o português do

Brasil em uma amostra de idosos.

https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:148781826

Lau, S. Y. J., & Agius, H. (2021). A framework and

immersive serious game for mild cognitive impairment.

Multimedia Tools and Applications, 80(20), 31183–

31237. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11042-021-11042-4

Lubben, J. E., Blozik, E., Gillmann, G., Iliffe, S., von

Renteln Kruse, W., Beck, J. C., & Stuck, A. E. (2006).

Performance of an abbreviated version of the Lubben

Social Network Scale among three European

community-dwelling older adult populations. The

Gerontologist, 46 4, 503–513.

https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:12470783

Matos, L. F., Santos, M. H., Boechat, Y., Amorim, G., &

Muchaluat-Saade, D. C. (2020). MemoGinga: Jogo

Interativo para TV Digital como Exercício Cognitivo

para Idosos. https://doi.org/10.5753/sbcas.2018.3686

OberCom. (2021). Anuário da comunicação — 2020. 167.

Oei, A. C., & Patterson, M. D. (2013). Enhancing cognition

with video games: A multiple game training study.

PLoS One, 8(3), e58546.

Ribeiro, O., Teixeira, L. S., Duarte, N., Azevedo, M. J. T.,

Araújo, L., Barbosa, S., & Paúl, C. (2012). Versão

Portuguesa da Escala Breve de Redes Sociais de

Lubben (LSNS-6). https://api.semanticscholar.org/

CorpusID:143116827

Rodríguez-Fórtiz, M. J., Rodríguez-Domínguez, C., Cano,

P., Revelles, J., Rodríguez-Almendros, M. L., Hurtado-

Torres, M. V, & Rute-Pérez, S. (2016). Serious games

for the cognitive stimulation of elderly people. 2016

IEEE International Conference on Serious Games and

Applications for Health (SeGAH), 1–7.

https://doi.org/10.1109/SeGAH.2016.7586261

Russell, D. W. (1996). UCLA Loneliness Scale (Version 3):

reliability, validity, and factor structure. Journal of

Personality Assessment, 66 1, 20–40.

https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:7847482

Santos, A. J., Braz, P., Gomez, V., Folha, T., Alves, T., &

Dias, C. M. (2022). Envelhecimento e Saúde:

caracterização da saúde da população idosa em

Portugal (I. N. de S. D. R. Jorge (Ed.)).

Schneider, R. H., & Irigaray, T. Q. (2008). O

envelhecimento na atualidade: aspectos cronológicos,

biológicos, psicológicos e sociais. Estudos de

Psicologia (Campinas), 25(4), 585–593.

https://doi.org/10.1590/s0103-166x2008000400013

Tani, M., Cheng, Z., Piracha, M., & Wang, B. Z. (2022).

Ageing, Health, Loneliness and Wellbeing. Social

Indicators Research, 160(2–3), 791–807.

https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-020-02450-4

Tekinbas, K. S., & Zimmerman, E. (2004). Rules of play:

game design fundamentals. MIT Press.

Vasconcelos, A., Silva, P. A., Caseiro, J., Nunes, F., &

Teixeira, L. F. (2012). Designing tablet-based games

for seniors: The example of CogniPlay, a cognitive

gaming platform. ACM International Conference

Proceeding Series, 3, 1–10.

https://doi.org/10.1145/2367616.2367617

Video Game Training Improves Brain Function in Older

Adults. (2013). U.S. Department of Health and Human

Services | National Institutes of Health.

https://newsinhealth.nih.gov/2013/10/video-game-

training-improves-brain-function-older-adults

Wang, Y., Chen, Z., & Zhou, C. (2021). Social engagement

and physical frailty in later life: does marital status

matter? BMC Geriatrics, 21(1), 1–11.

https://doi.org/10.1186/s12877-021-02194-x

Woodhead, E. L., & Yochim, B. (2022). Adult development

and aging: A foundational geropsychology knowledge

competency. Clinical Psychology: Science and

Practice, 29(1), 16–27. https://doi.org/10.1037/

cps0000048

World Health Organization. (2002). Active ageing : a

policy framework. World Health Organization.

https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/67215

Television Is Powerful: An iTV Solution as a Motivator of Social Interactions Among Older Adults

405